Theatre organ
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A theatre organ is a pipe organ originally designed specifically for imitation of an orchestra, but in latter years new designs have tended to be around some of the sounds and blends unique to the instrument itself.
It took the place of the orchestra when installed in a movie theatre during the heyday of silent films. Most theatre organs were modeled after the style originally devised by Robert Hope-Jones, which he called a "unit orchestra".
Such instruments were typically built to provide the greatest possible variety of timbres with the fewest possible pipes, and often had pianos and other percussion instruments built in, as well as a variety of sound effects such as a siren.
Theatre organs are usually identified at sight by their distinctive horseshoe-shaped console, which is not infrequently painted white with gold trim in original examples such at the 3/13 Barton from Ann Arbor's Michigan Theater pictured below.
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[edit] Background
Many organ builders supplied instruments to theatres. The Rudolph Wurlitzer company, to whom Hope-Jones licensed his name and patents, was the most prolific and well-known manufacturer (2,234 were built), and the phrase Mighty Wurlitzer was the hallmark of quality.
Many of the innovations which furthered the evolution of theatre organ design simply allowed it to do its job better. Although not all of these ideas originated with Robert Hope-Jones, he was the first to successfully employ and combine many of these innovations within a single organ aesthetic. Some of these important developments are: electro-pneumatic action, which allows the console to be physically detached from the pipe chambers, connected only by a cable; unification, the process whereby pipe ranks are extended and tuned in sympathy with other ranks, and allowing any rank of pipes to be played from any manual or the pedals; imitative stops, where pipe ranks are more imitative of their symphonic counterparts; development of pipes able to speak successfully on higher wind pressures.
Unfortunately, after some major disagreements with the Wurlitzer management, Robert Hope-Jones took his own life in 1914 -- but not before profoundly influencing the development of the theatre organ. The Wurlitzer company continued to flourish, however, becoming the largest manufacturer of theatre pipe organs in the world. Indeed, while there were many other builders of these instruments, the name "Wurlitzer" became generically synonymous with the theatre organ.
Other manufacturers included Page, Marr & Colton, Compton, Möller, Robert-Morton (the "Wonder Morton"), Conacher, Hilsdon, Kimball, Barton, Hillgreen-Lane, Kilgen, E. M. Skinner, Christie, and Hill Norman & Beard. These last two were both brand names for the same company, which specialized at the time in standardized extension organs with electro-pneumatic action, ideal for the theatre and then promoted as convenient and cost-effective for churches. In general, the Christie brand was used for theatre organs, which came with contemporary-styled consoles, while the firm's own name Hill Norman & Beard appeared on similar and sometimes identical pipes and actions supplied to customers seen as less frivolous, controlled by a traditional drawknob-stop console. Their standardized pipe, relay and blower packages were called unit organs, and for theatre use were augmented with percussion and other additional effects. The Moller firm specialized in unit organs for church use, many of which remain in service in small churches to this day.
Compton cinema organs, built by the John Compton Organ Company of Acton, were the most prevalent of theatre organs in the UK; 261 were installed in cinemas and theatres in the British Isles. Comptons made many fine church and concert organs as well. Their cinema organs employed state of the art technology and engineering and many are still in existence today. One of the most notable is the large 5 manual example at the Odeon Cinema Leicester Square in central London.
Several organ builders were also known for their specialties. Wurlitzer was well known for its reeds and special effects; Kimball was an innovator in string tones; Barton constructed lush Tibias for their organs; Möller was famous for its foundation ranks. And although not an organ manufacturer, the J. C. Deagan Company built many of the chromatic percussions (xylophone, chrysoglott, glockenspiel, etc.) that are found in most theatre organs.
[edit] History
During the silent movie era and into the early 1930s, theatre organs were built in large numbers, in a variety of sizes, filling the gap between a simple piano accompaniment and a full orchestra. Indeed, when theatre owners hired orchestras to accompany silent movies, they frequently included a pipe organ to provide relief to the orchestra, and to play for less-expensive showings.(1)
After the development of sound movies, theatre organs remained installed in many theatres to provide live music between features. However, after the 'golden years' of the 1930s, many were scrapped or sold to churches, private homes, museums, ice rinks, rollatoriums, and restaurants. In that era, commonly known as the theatre organ's second golden age (the 1950's), many of the tonal characteristics of theatre organs became somewhat more exaggerated than they had been in the silent movie era. This second age also saw the formation of the American Theatre Organ Society.
Many composers got their start by playing the theatre organ. Oliver Wallace, arguably America's first real theatre organist, was soon employed by Walt Disney, and composed, among other things, the score to Dumbo. Jesse Crawford, the first organist ever to sell over a million recordings, was known in households across America as the "poet of the organ." He was also responsible for developing many of the techniques and registrations used in the performance of popular music on the instrument. Rex Khoury composed the Gunsmoke theme. Reginald Foort was arguably the most popular theatre organist in the UK. And, probably the most legendary theatre organist of modern times, George Wright, is credited with saving the medium from certain demise in the 50's and 60's, when he created a huge series of studio recordings which sold millions, as he was clever enough to have them included in the new Stereo format used in early systems such as Zenith, Admiral and Magnavox. The late Richard Purvis, who was for many years the organist and master of choristers at Grace Cathedral in San Francisco was also an enthusiastic promoter of theatre organ, and wrote many arrangements for it.
[edit] Technical
As in a traditional pipe organ, a theatre organ uses pressurized air to produce musical tones. Five important things that distinguish a theatre organ from traditional church organs are unification and extension, the exclusive use of electric action, high wind pressures, percussion instruments, and the horseshoe console.
Unification and extension gives the theatre organ its unique flexibility. A rank is extended by adding pipes above and below the original pitch, allowing the organist to play that rank at various pitches by drawing separate stops or tabs. A simple example of unification follows:
The Tibia at 8' pitch has 61 pipes. The Tibia can be made available at 4' pitch by adding 12 pipes to the top of the Tibia 8'. Tibia 2' is similarly accomplished by adding 12 more pipes. The Tibia Clausa 16' as a pedal voice is accomplished by adding 12 pipes to the bottom of the Tibia 8'. Hence, in a unified organ, four "ranks" (really tabs or draw-stops) can be obtained from a total of 97 pipes. In a classically designed organ, four "straight" ranks would require 244 pipes.
These ranks are voiced in relation to other pipe ranks in the organ, allowing a handful of ranks in a typical theatre organ to imitate a wide range of instruments. Unification also makes it possible to play any rank of pipes from any manual and the pedals independently, unlike a traditional church organ, where a rank of pipes is playable only from one manual or the pedals, or from two manuals via couplers.
The electro-pneumatic action was invented by Robert Hope-Jones, and is considered by many to be the single most significant development in pipe organs. Up to the turn of the 20th century, all pipe organs were operated by a tracker, tubular pneumatic, or pneumatic Barker-lever action, where the keys and pedals were physically connected to the pipe valves via wooden trackers, except in the case of tubular pneumatic, where all actions were operated by air pressure. Hope-Jones' electro-pneumatic action eliminated this by using wind pressure, controlled by electric solenoids, to operate the pipe valves, and solenoids and pistons to control and operate the various stop tabs, controls, keys and pedals on the console. This action allowed the console to be physically detached from the organ. All signals from the console were transmitted by an electric cable to an electro-pneumatic relay, and from there to the pipes and effects in the organ chambers.(2)
Hope-Jones believed that higher wind pressures would allow pipes to more accurately imitate orchestral instruments by causing the pipes to produce harmonic overtones which, when mixed with other pipe ranks, produced tones more imitative of actual instruments. The high wind pressures also led to the development of instruments that are unique in theatre organs (such as the diaphone and tibia clausa), and allowed any rank in the organ to function as a solo instrument. These higher pressures were possible due to the development of high-velocity, motor-driven blowers and wind regulators.
Another hallmark of theatre organs is the addition of chromatic (tuned) percussions. In keeping with his idea of a "unit orchestra," Hope-Jones added pneumatically- and electrically operated instruments such as xylophones, wood harps, chimes, sleigh bells, chrysoglotts and glockenspiels to reproduce the orchestral versions of these instruments.
Later, Wurlitzer added other effects, such as drums, cymbals, wood blocks and other non-chromatic percussions and effects to allow the theatre organ to accompany silent movies.(3)
A traditional organ console was not adequate to control a theatre organ, as the large number of draw knobs required made the console so huge an organist could not possibly reach all of them while playing. Thus, the horseshoe console was born. Based on a curved French console design and using stop "tabs" instead of drawknobs, the horseshoe console now allowed the organist to reach any stop or control while playing any piece of music, eliminating the need to move around awkwardly on the bench. The smaller stop tabs also permitted the addition of many more stops on the console than could be added on a traditional console.
After the advent of unification and the electro-pneumatic action, builders of church organs started to see the advantages of these systems. As a result, several organ builders began adopting these concepts for use in their church organs. Among these were Austin, Möller, Aeolian-Skinner and Kimball, who used electro-pneumatic action in many of their organs. Today, approximately one fourth of all new or rebuilt church pipe organs use an electro-pneumatic action either exclusively, or as an augmentation to existing tracker actions. In the same vein, some amount of unification was utilized in some church organs, and even today many church pipe organs utilize some degree of unification in areas where it is not critical to the "classical" sound sought in such instruments, or in instruments where space for pipes is limited. With stops such as the 32' bourdon in the pedal division, or a 16' reed in a manual division, the basic theatre organ concept of "extension" is commonly -- but discreetly -- used by even the most noted organ builders.
[edit] Current status
There are many theatre organs still in operation but only a handful are in their original location (installation) with their original specification.
Most notable of these are the world's largest original installation theatre organs (4) (in order of number of ranks)
- Radio City Music Hall New York, New York - Wurlitzer 4 manuals, 58 ranks, 2 consoles (1932)
- Atlantic City Convention Hall Ballroom's Kimball Theatre/Concert Organ 4 manuals, 55 ranks (1931)
- Fox Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia - 4 manuals, 42 ranks (1929)
- Fox Theater, Detroit, Michigan - Wurlitzer 4 manuals, 36 ranks (1927)
- Fox Theatre, St. Louis, Missouri - Wurlitzer, 4 manuals, 36 ranks (1927)
- Denver Paramount - Wurlitzer, 4 manuals, 20 ranks, 2 consoles (1930)
- Seattle Paramount - Wurlitzer, 4 manuals, 20 ranks (1928)
- Blackpool Tower Ballroom - Wurlitzer, 3 manuals, 14 ranks (1935) (See: Reginald Dixon)
- Blackpool Opera House - Wurlitzer, 3 manuals, 13 ranks (1939) (last new Wurlitzer in the UK)
- Michigan Theater, Ann Arbor, Michigan - Barton (3 manuals, 13 ranks (1927))
- Redford Theatre, Detroit, MI - Barton (3 manuals, 10 ranks (1928))
UK / Canada / Australia / NZ
- Orpheum Theatre Wurlitzer, Vancouver, British Columbia -3 manuals, 13 ranks (1927).
[edit] New vs Original technology
So called "New" organs have been recently built, mainly from parts of other theatre organs, with some construction of new pipework, windchests and consoles.
Among the largest of these are the 5-manual (keyboard), 80-rank (sets of pipes) organ at the Sanfilippo Residence in Barrington, Illinois; the 4-manual, 78-rank organ at the Organ Stop Pizza Restaurant in Mesa, Arizona; and the 4-manual, 77-rank organ of The Nethercutt Collection at San Sylmar in Sylmar, California.
- The largest theater pipe organ in a publically owned building is the Dickinson High School Kimball Theatre pipe organ in Wilmington, Delaware, consisting of identical 3-manual consoles which play 66 ranks of pipes.
- The Civic Hall in Wolverhampton (UK) houses what was originally a 40 rank Compton concert/orchestral organ which has, in recent years, been enhanced by four theatre organ ranks, including the main voice of the theatre organ, a Tibia Clausa
Other theatre organs that have been silent for years are being refurbished and installed in new venues.
Some of these refurbished organs have had their original electro-pneumatic relays replaced with electronic and/or computerized relays and modern, electronic consoles.
- Manufacturers such as Peterson, Z-tronics, Syndyne, Arndt, and Organ Supply Industries provide hardware, reproduction parts, and electronics for theatre organs.
Electronic theatre organs from companies such as Walker Theatre Organs[1], Allen[2] and Rodgers[3], incorporating sampling, a MIDI interface, and newly-designed speaker systems, are being produced in the attempt to recreate authentic-sounding pipe tones, thus providing an affordable alternative to an actual pipe organ.
As a result, the typical "man on the street" experiences difficulty in perceiving the differences between today's digitally-sampled electronic organs and traditional pipe organs.
Recently, a virtual theatre organ called the "MidiTzer" was developed. It is available as a free download, runs on a Windows-based PC and uses MIDI keyboards.
The MidiTzer makes the theatre organ sound and experience convenient for home setup and portable for use at silent film shows where a theatre pipe organ is not available.
[edit] The future
[edit] The theatre organ and its progenitors
The future of the theatre organ is always fluid, but several organizations are active in preserving and promoting these grand, old instruments. Among these are the American Theatre Organ Society (ATOS) and numerous independent theatre organ clubs who exist to refurbish and reinstall theatre organs to their former glory. Similar work is being done in the UK by the Cinema Organ Society and the Theatre Organ Club; in Australia the various divisions of TOSA have "saved" many theatre organs once in cinemas and theatres. Many of these rebuilt instruments have been installed in restaurants and auditoriums, as well as in a few theatres and churches, allowing the public to gain access to them.
The efforts expended by these organizations ensure that these theatre organs will be heard and enjoyed by new generations of listeners and admirers. Indeed, some people have gone on to learn theatre organ technique and become successful theatre organists in their own right. The theatre organ and its music are unique art forms and should be preserved as an example of musical ingenuity.
Independent chapters of ATOS, individuals and venue operators have produced various events and shows, to varied rates of success, to promote the theatre organ. The most successful of these have proven to be regional conventions, featuring the instruments, and fully produced shows, which use the organs as part of a larger group. Audiences have dwindled greatly at pure organ concerts, with rare exceptions, over the last 20 years.
[edit] Organists then and now
By the late 1920's, there were over 7,000 organists employed in theatres across the United States. Today, there are only a few of those original silent film organists still alive. Current theatre organists include Steven Ball of Ann Arbor's Michigan Theater, Rosa Rio and Rob Richards[4], and Dennis James [5]. Others such as Jelani Eddington[6] have active concert schedules and continue to promote the instrument and its preservation through their worldwide travels and brilliant musical talents.
There are many other full- or part-time Theatre Organists in other parts of the world, with a large proliferation in the United Kingdom. Phil Kelsall[7], resident organist of the Tower Ballroom Wurlitzer in the world famous Blackpool Tower, is arguably the most well known in England and plays mainly in a unique style called the Blackpool Style, which was originally developed by Reginald Dixon, a previous resident organist. John Mann, Simon Gledhill[8], Nigel Ogden[9], Len Rawle[10] and Michael Wooldridge[11] are just a few of the many British organists who play regularly to audiences throughout the world. In Australia there are also many wonderful musicians who play the Theatre Organ, with Tony Fenelon, John Giacchi and Chris McPhee being among the most prolific.[citation needed]
[edit] Footnotes
(1). Theatre organs varied in styles from the very first organ, The Wurlitzer Style 1, an upright piano console modified with the addition of an organ manual, pedals, 4 ranks of pipes, 4 percussions and traps, to the largest organs with 50+ pipe ranks, 4- and 5-manual consoles, and many percussions and traps (some of the larger organs also incorporated dual consoles).
(2). It should be noted that the earliest unit orchestras utilized a separate wind supply to the console to operate combination pistons, which at that time were pneumatically operated. Later designs electrified the combination action, eliminating the need for the console wind supply.
(3). Various builders of church organs, notably Möller, Austin, Aeolian-Skinner and Kimball, added a limited number of chromatic percussions to their church instruments.
(4). Original installation refers to a theatre pipe organ that is still located in its originally-installed venue (never removed and installed elsewhere) and still contains its original specification (organ retains its original pipes and chamber layout and console, no additions or deletions except for update of relays). The addition and/or deletion of only one rank of pipes negates this status.
[edit] External links
- American Theatre Organ Society
- The Theatre Organ Home Page
- Theatre Organs UK
- The Mighty MidiTzer
- Theatre Organ Replay -- continuous streaming theatre organ music
- "Once Upon A Theater" - Pipe Dreams Audio Program
- "Everything Old is New Again" - Pipe Dreams Audio Program
- "The Art of the Theatre Organ" - Pipe Dreams Audio Program
- "That Golden Glow" -- Pipe Dreams Audio Program
- The Michigan Theater, Ann Arbor
- Organ Stop Pizza in Mesa, Arizona
- Roaring 20's Pizza in Ellenton, Florida
- The Garden State Theatre Organ Society (NJ)
- Cinema Organ Society (UK)
- The Compton List
- Organs and Organists Online
- Eastern Massachusetts Chapter of the ATOS
- The Burtey Fen Collection
- Walnut Hill Mighty WurliTzer
- Manasota Theatre Organ Society - ATOS
- The Walker Theatre Organ Company
- Allen Theatre Organs
- Recordings of the Organ Grinder Pizza Resteraunt 4/51 Wurlitzer
