Tkhine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tkhines (Yiddish for 'prayers', 'supplications'), pronounced 'tkhiners' - the i is pronounced as in 'fit' and the kh like the ch in Scottish 'loCH'. Dating from the 17th century they were Yiddish-language prayer books intended for use by Ashkenazic Jewish women who, unlike the men of the time, typically could not read Hebrew, the language of the established synagogue prayer book. [Liptzin, 1972, 15]
The earliest known, and most widespread, book of Tkhines was the "Seyder Tkhines" (Sequence of Supplications), which first appeared in print in Amsterdam in 1648. It is a landmark in the history of women. It was a new standard prayerbook in Yiddish for women, composed in the voice of a female worshipper, which was prolifically printed and widely circulated across Europe by a dynamic, pan-European Yiddish printing industry. Women were not only the major part of its readership, but they were also involved in both the creative and practical processes of publishing. They became printers, translators, editors, adaptors of existing literary works, copyists and even typesetters, and at the height of their prestige, women composed new prayers, sermons and religious songs for both men and women. Although related prayer literature of the day, including other shorter prayer booklets entitled "Tkhines" and "Lider" (Songs) were often written by women, the "Seyder Tkhines" is anonymous and may well have been written by a man. It contained daily and festival prayers as well as occasional prayers specifically for women's religious obligations that were not provided by the standard synagogue prayerbook. The "Seyder Tkhines represents an age when Kabbalah pervaded mainstream Judaism and Jews believed themselves to be on the verge of messianic redemption that called for spiritual regeneration, heartfelt prayer, and repentance, by the entire community - women as well as men. By the middle of the 18th century, with the onset of the Jewish Englightenment (Haskalah), Yiddish became unfashionable in western Europe, mysticism was rejected by mainstream Judaism in an Age of Reason, and Tkhines ceased to hold a central place in the prayer life of the Jewish community. [Kay, 2004].
"New Tkhines [18th & 19th century] dealt with daily, weekly, monthly, or annual events; with life passages, such as marriage, birth, one's son's bar mitzvah, or bereavement; still others were meant to ward off the evil eye, or to call down God's blessing on a husband who was an itinerant merchant, and so forth." [Liptzin, 1972, 15-16].
Collections of Yiddish Tkhines are still printed today as expanded and revised versions of the original 17th century Seyder Tkhines. They are published for women in the orthodox Hassidic community, many of whom retain Yiddish as their everyday language. This community is based in mysticism and retains the expectation of the imminent coming of the Messiah. [Kay, 2004].
[edit] References
- Liptzin, Sol, A History of Yiddish Literature, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, ISBN 0-8246-0124-6.
- Kay, Devra, "Seyder Tkhines", Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, US, 2004, ISBN 0-8276-0773-3.
