Tongzhi Restoration
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An attempt to arrest the dynastic decline by restoring the traditional order was initiated after the rude realities of the Opium War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings caused Qing courtiers and officials to recognize the need to strengthen China. This particular effort was known as the Tongzhi Restoration. It was named for the Tongzhi Emperor (1862-74), and was engineered by the young emperor's mother, the Empress Dowager Ci Xi (1835-1908). The restoration, however, which applied "practical knowledge" while reaffirming the old mentality, was not a genuine program of modernization.
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