Triphenylmethyl radical
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The triphenylmethyl radical is a persistent radical and the first ever radical described in organic chemistry. It can be prepared by homolysis of triphenylmethylchloride 1 (scheme 1) by a metal like silver or zinc in benzene or diethyl ether. The radical 2 forms a chemical equilibrium with the quinoid type dimer 3. In benzene the concentration of the radical is 2% .
Solutions containing the radical are yellow and when the temperature of the solution is increased the yellow color becomes more intense as the equilibrium is shifted in favor of the radical following Le Chatelier's principle. Conversely when the solution is cooled it becomes less yellow.
When exposed to air the radical rapidly oxidizes to the peroxide (Scheme 2) and the color of the solution changes from yellow to colorless. Likewise, the radical reacts with iodine to triphenylmethyliodide.
The radical was discovered by Moses Gomberg in 1900 . He tried to prepare hexaphenylethane from triphenylmethylchloride and zinc in benzene in a Wurtz reaction and found that the product, based on its behaviour towards iodine and oxygen, was far more reactive than anticipated.
The correct quinoid structure for the dimer was suggested as early as 1904 but this structure was soon after abandoned by the scientific community in favor of hexaphenylethane which is structure 4 in scheme 1 . It subsequently took until 1968 for its rediscovery when researchers at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam published proton NMR data . In hindsight the substituted ethane molecule does not make sense at all because it is simply too sterically overcrowded.
[edit] Miscellanea
- Gomberg concluded his 1900 article with the sentence This work will be continued and I wish to reserve the field for myself, and his 1902 article with It is my intention to extend this study to other oxygen compounds, as well as to nitrogen derivatives, and I beg to reserve this field for further work. It is true that nineteenth-century chemists did not intrude on each other's research; to his dismay, Gomberg found out that this was not the case in the twentieth century.
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[edit] References
- ↑ Advanced Organic Chemistry J. March, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471-88841-9
- ↑ An instance of trivalent carbon: triphenylmethyl. M. Gomberg J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1900; 22(11); 757-771. Abstract
- ↑ On trivalent carbon. M. Gomberg J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1901; 23(7); 496-502. Abstract Note: radical is also called a cadicle.
- ↑ On trivalent carbon. M. Gomberg J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1902; 24(7); 597-628. Abstract
- ↑ The hexaphenylethane riddle J. M. McBride Tetrahedron Volume 30, Issue 14 , 1974, Pages 2009-2022 DOI:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)97332-6
- ↑ A new interpretation of the monomer-dimer equilibrium of triphenylmethyl- and alkylsubstituted-diphenyl methyl-radicals in solution H. Lankamp, W. Th. Nauta and C. MacLean Tetrahedron Letters Volume 9, Issue 2 , 1968, Pages 249-254 DOI:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)75598-5
