Two House Theology
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The premise of Two House Theology is found in the Hebrew Scriptures and primarily focuses on the division of the ancient Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah (See History of ancient Israel and Judah). The tenants of Two House Theology become controversial and disputed when the ancient reality of the two Israelite kingdoms is applied to modern peoples who are thought to be descendents of the two ancient kingdoms, both Jews and the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, the latter believed to have become a "multitude of nations" [Genesis 48:19).
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[edit] Quick History
The ancient empire of Israel, controlling lands from the Euphrates River to the Egyptian border, became divided after King Solomon's reign passed unto his son Rehoboam in about 931 BCE. Rehoboam refused to grant the northern ten tribes relief from Solomon's taxation and they subsequently formed their own autonomous nation in the north, making Jeroboam I their king.
The Kingdom of Israel, the northern ten tribes, were taken into their Assyrian Captivity starting in 740 BCE, culminating in 721 BCE with the seizure of Sumaria. Even after invitations to return, many years later, no large representation ever returned to their former boundaries.
The Kingdom of Judah was taken into their Babylonian Captivity between 597-586 BCE. The kings of Persia granted permission for Judah to return to their lands, which they did, but then were subsequently exiled again by the Romans in 70 CE.
For greater detail, see History of ancient Israel and Judah.
[edit] Advocates
The factions, in the Two House dispute, are not limited to any one religion or denomination. Advocates and opponents are found within the various sects and ranks of Judaism, Messianic Judaism, and Christianity. (See list of Various Authors) Advocates take the general position that the ten tribes of the Kingdom of Israel have become a multitude of nations since their exile by the Assyrian Empire (740-722 BCE) and lengthy migrations before and particularly after the decline of the Parthian Empire, 200-700 CE (also know as the Great Migration Period).
It is believed the ten tribes are not yet re-joined to the Kingdom of Judah in any large representation, though some small reunifications with Judah are believed to have happened in antiquity and are well documented to be happening in recent history with the modern nation of Israel.
[edit] Opponents
Many opponents of the theology claim the lost tribes re-united with the Kingdom of Judah in the years leading up to and following Judah's return from their Babylonian Captivity in 537 BCE, hence they do not exist in the nations today other than in the form of the "Jews", those scattered by the Roman diaspora (70 CE) and subsequent Christian and Muslim exiles in later periods.
Some opponents take an agnostic position claiming the lost tribes have been completely assimilated by and are unidentifiable in the nations of the world and will never return from their deportation by and into Assyria. Hence, "why dispute what is unknowable?"
Opposition also arises simply when Israelites are identified with people more "commonly" associated with Japheth, one of Noah's three sons. Interestingly, some Two House advocates won't deny some aspect of this argument, taking into account a prophetic verse: Genesis 9:27a "God enlarge Japheth, and let him dwell in the tents of Shem" (RSV). (Shem was another son of Noah, but also the ancestor of the Hebrews, Arabs, and many other ethnic groups according to genealogies found in the Hebrew Scriptures.)
Three of the major international Messianic Jewish groups reject the Two House Theology as being misguided at best, or at worst a Gentile cult seeking to make themselves appear as Jews. The Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (www.umjc.org), The Messianic Jewish Association of America (www.mjaa.org) and the Messianic Bureau International (www.messianic.org) all proclaim the Messianic movement as a movement for Jewish believers in Yeshua and forbid the teaching that Gentiles may be of the lost tribes of Israel, or any reference to the two houses of Israel. This kind of thinking is best seen by the Ephraimite Error[1] white paper, produced in 1999, which several Two House proponents have responded to[2]. These attitudes may come as a reaction to the cult of British-Israelism that has long been with us and is best epitomized by the Worldwide Church of God founded by Herbert W. Armstrong, and its many offshoots.
[edit] Earliest Dispute
The earliest documentation of the dispute can be found in discussions taking place sometime before the second century CE. The Mishnah records Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Eliezar disagreeing on various points in regard to the return of the lost tribes [2].
The Mishnah in Sanhedrin 110b:
"The ten tribes will not return as it says (Nitzovim 29:8) 'And he threw them to a different land like this day'. Just as a day passes and will never return, they too will be exiled never to return, these are the words of Rabbi Akiva."
"Rabbi Eliezer says, just like a day is followed by darkness, and the light later returns. So too, although it will become "dark" for the ten tribes, Elohim will ultimately take them out of their darkness."
The quote from Rabbi Akiva, however, should probably be understood in light of his disappointed belief that Simon ben Kosiba (surnamed Simon bar Kokhba) was the Messiah who would liberate the Jews from Rome, return the lost tribes and usher in the long-awaited Olam Haba. The failure of the Bar Kochba rebellion convinced Akiva that the lost tribes would not return at that time. It is probably a mistake to take Akiva's statement as a categorical denial of a return at any time.
[edit] House of Judah - The Jews?
According to many Jewish rabbis and historians, the Jews are largely descended from the House of Judah, the Southern Kingdom of Judah, chiefly consisting of the tribe of Judah, the tribe of Benjamin, with some of the tribe of Levi.
[edit] House of Joseph - A Multitude of Nations?
Some historians, and especially Two House advocates, believe the Hebrew Scriptures indicate the Kingdom of Israel, sometimes referred to as the "House of Joseph", never returned from their Assyrian Captivity (1 Chr 5:26).
The first century Jewish priest and historian, Josephus, writing near the turn of the second century AD, affirmed that the Jews knew where Israel lived:
. . . the entire body of the people of Israel remained in that country [Media]; wherefore there are but two tribes [Judah and Benjamin] in Asia and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude, and not to be estimated by numbers. [3]
While the multitudinous nature of the exiled ten tribes may be somewhat exaggerated, it is highly unlikely that Josephus would pen an outright falsehood regarding the Median location of the ten tribes when such a statement could be vociferously denied by his fellow-countrymen if the ten tribes had at any time in the past reunited with the Jews following the Babylonian Captivity.
Also, the Mishnah[4] has Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Eliezer discussing the eventual return of the tribes scattered and deported by the Assyrians approximately 900 years after the deportation. All of this would seem to indicate the Northern Kingdom tribes of Israel did not return and unite with the Southern Kingdom of Judah.
[edit] Multiplication and Re-unification
Two House groups also believe many prophecies from the Hebrew Scriptures indicate the descendant nations of the ancient Kingdom of Israel would be re-united with the descendants of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. They frequently reference Ezekiel 37 (as below) and similar prophecies:
"16 Son of man, take a stick and write on it, `For Judah, and the children of Israel associated with him'; then take another stick and write upon it, `For Joseph (the stick of Ephraim) and all the house of Israel associated with him'; 17 and join them together into one stick, that they may become one in your hand. 18 And when your people say to you, `Will you not show us what you mean by these?' 19 say to them, Thus says the Lord GOD: Behold, I am about to take the stick of Joseph (which is in the hand of Ephraim) and the tribes of Israel associated with him; and I will join with it the stick of Judah, and make them one stick, that they may be one in my hand" (vs. 16-19, RSV).
Two House Theology probably becomes the most controversial when the ramifications of the Hebrew prophets are taken literally. The prophecy most poignant in the controversy is Genesis 48:19 which indicates the tribe of Ephraim, half-tribe of Joseph, would become a “multitude of nations” (peoples/goyim), sometimes translated as “fullness of the nations”:
"But his father refused, and said, "I know, my son, I know; he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great; nevertheless his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his descendants shall become a multitude of nations" (RSV).
According to advocates of Two House Theology, the passages above present a problem to those who think the Jews are representative of all which is left of the twelve tribes of Israel. They argue, "the Jews have not become nor have they ever been a multitude of nations". For a Two House advocate, a common answer is: "no large contingent of Northern Kingdom tribes have been re-united with the Jews of the Southern Kingdom, thus they still exist as various nations/peoples in the world today". Also, someone sympathetic of the Two House ideals may say things like, "the problem is not: the Creator of the Universe lied about Ephraim becoming a multitude of nations/peoples, but simply: we have failed to unravel the mysteries of who is who in the nations today."
There are others, who are more moderate in their approach to the Two House controversy, who choose to see it as an overlooked element in the eschatological restoration of Israel. They disregard the speculation and "pseudohistory" from British-Israel and other Christian Identity groups, adhering to Paul's directive not to pay attention to "endless genealogies which promote speculations rather than the divine training that is in faith" (1 Timothy 1:4, RSV). They leave scattered Israel a matter to be determined by God, and prefer instead to recognize all believers are participants in its restoration. This growing position has gained sympathy with some in Messianic Judaism among those holding to the "One Law" position, where individuals can "agree to disagree" because the Two House teaching is a matter of eschatology, and thus not of a core theological nature.
Still others will contend seven-eighths of scripture is undiscernable without first understanding the two house reality, certainly making it core theology, and not simply a matter of eschatology. For example, Prof. C.A.L. Totten [1851-1908], of Yale University, was quoted [5]:
"I can never be too thankful to the Almighty that in my youth he used the late Professor Wilson to show me the difference between the two houses. The very understanding of this difference is the KEY by which almost the entire Bible becomes intelligible, and I cannot state too strongly that the man who has not yet seen that Israel of the Scripture is totally distinct from the Jewish people, is yet in the very infancy, the mere alphabet, of Biblical study, and that to this day the meaning of seven-eighths of the Bible is shut to his understanding."
[edit] Missing Links
For students of the Lost Tribes of Israel, including some Two House advocates, the Behistun Rock Inscription has provided an invaluable missing link, which adds credibility to where and who the Northern Kingdom Israelites were in the fifth century BCE and where they subsequently went in the following periods of their history.
George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Rawlinson's younger brother (translator of the Behistun Inscription), connected the Saka/Gimiri of the inscription with deported Israelites:
“We have reasonable grounds for regarding the Gimirri, or Cimmerians, who first appeared on the confines of Assyria and Media in the seventh century B.C., and the Sacae of the Behistun Rock, nearly two centuries later, as identical with the Beth-Khumree of Samaria, or the Ten Tribes of the House of Israel.” -George Rawlinson, note in his translation of History of Herodotus, Book VII, p. 378
The Behistun Inscription connects the people known in Old Persian and Elamite as Saka, Sacae or Scythian with the people known in Babylonian as Gimirri or Cimmerian. This is important because the Assyrian's referred to the Northern Kingdom of Israel in their records as the "House of Khumri", named after Israel's King Omri of the 8th century BCE. Phonetically "Khumri", "Omri", and "Gimiri" are similar[6].
"It should be made clear from the start that the terms 'Cimmerian' and 'Scythian' were interchangeable: in Akkadian the name Iskuzai (Asguzai) occurs only exceptionally. Gimirrai (Gamir) was the normal designation for 'Cimmerians' as well as 'Scythians' in Akkadian."[7]
In the photo of the Black Obelisk to the right, compare King Jehu's pointed Saka/Scythian style headdress, which is similar to the captive Saka/Scythian king seen to the far right on the Behistun Inscription. Note: King Jehu of Israel was son and heir to King Omri of the Northern Kingdom of Israel.
[edit] Details Disputed
Two House advocates generally agree on the big picture, but disagree on numerous details, especially when view points converge amongst Judaism, Messianic Judaism, and Christianity. Identifying specific nations and/or people groups is full of varying opinions and speculations. A great number of Two House advocates think that specific ethnicities can be identified with a particular tribe, and many others choose to let this be decided in the eschaton.[8] Because of the newness of this theological movement, many advocates point out that these issues will have to be worked out over time.
There is also a great deal of debate and discussion among Two House groups regarding the place of the Torah in the life of individuals. Many Two House groups largely favor a Karaite approach to the Torah, and insist that people use the Divine Name of God, YHWH. The halacha of other groups is more consistent with Messianic Judaism, where the montra of believing in the Two Houses is often used to promote unity between Jew and Gentile. As things stand now, it may be best to consider Two House advocates by the individual positions and practices of both congregations and ministries that endorse it, or some form of it.
[edit] Replacement Theology?
Advocates of Two House Theology wish not to be confused with Replacement Theology or Supersessionism. They refute this label with statements like: “there are two houses, two ancient kingdoms, being discussed and identified, without one replacing the other. The two are brothers who should not trouble each other as they did in their ancient past.” Replacement Theologians virtually make the claim “the Jews have been replaced by the church”. Such persons may say things like, “We are Israel now.” Two House advocates make no such claims and respectively identify the Jews as Israelites from the Kingdom of Judah.
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.mjaa.org/files/EphraimiteError.pdf
- ^ McKee, J.K. (2002) "The Ephraimite Error": Critical Errors. TNN Online. 15 November, 2002.
- ^ Antiquities of the Jews, 11.5.2, from The Works of Josephus, translated by Whiston, W., Hendrickson Publishers. 1987. 13th Printing. p 294
- ^ Mishnah, Sanhedrin 110b; translation quoted from Klausner, supra, p. 472
- ^ Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright, by Rev. J. H. Allen, Destiny Publishers. Seventeenth Edition, 1917, p. 79
- ^ Capt, E. Raymond, Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets Artisan Pub, 1985 ISBN 0-934666-15-6
- ^ Van Loon, Maurits Nanning. "Urartian Art. Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations", Istanbul, 1966. p. 16
- ^ McKee, J.K. (2006) Revisiting the Two-House Teaching. TNN Online. 01 March, 2006.
[edit] See also
- History of ancient Israel and Judah
- The Behistun Rock
- Kingdom of Israel
- Assyria
- Lost Tribes of Israel
- Israelite
- Stick of Joseph
