Type-II superconductor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message.
This article has been tagged since July 2006.

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one or improve this article yourself. See the talk page for details.
Please consider using {{Expert-subject}} to associate this request with a WikiProject

A Type-II superconductor is one of the two main types of superconductor. It is characterised by its gradual transition from the superconducting to the normal state. Type-II superconductors tend to be made of metal alloys or complex oxide ceramics, whereas Type-I superconductors tend to be made of pure metals.

1 Critical temperatures
2 Mixed state
3 References
4 See also

[edit] Critical temperatures

In comparison to the (theoretically) sharp transition of a Type-I superconductor at its single critical temperature, a Type-II superconductor has two critical temperatures. Above the lower temperature T_c1, magnetic flux from external fields is no longer completely expelled, and the superconductor exists in a mixed state. Above the higher temperature T_c2, the superconductivity is completely destroyed, and the material exists in a normal state. Both of these temperatures are dependent on the strength of the applied field. Alternatively it is possible to consider a fixed temperature, in which case transition occurs between critical field strengths H_c1 and H_c2.

[edit] Mixed state

The coherence length of a superconductor is related to the mean free path of its charge carriers. Its London penetration depth is the penetration distance of a weak magnetic field. In a Type-II superconductor, the coherence length is smaller than the London penetration depth, meaning that magnetic flux lines can pierce the material at high enough external fields. This is known as the vortex state, as the flux lines run through narrow regions of non superconducting material, surrounded by vortices of supercurrents protecting the rest of the superconductor. The vortices can arrange themselves in a regular structure known as the vortex lattice, also named the Abrikosov (vortex) lattice, after Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics for his pioneering contributions^[1].

[edit] References

^ which he summarized in "Nobel Lecture: Type-II superconductors and the vortex lattice", published in Reviews of Modern Physics, volume 76, July 2004, pages 975-979