అలెక్సాండర్ డఫ్
వికీపీడియా నుండి
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ఆలెగ్జాండర్ డాఫ్ (ఏప్రిల్ 15, 1806 - ఫిబ్రవరి 12, 1878) ఒక స్కాట్లండు కు చెందిన క్రైస్తవ మిషనరీ. అతడు స్కాట్లండు చర్చి కు మొట్టమొదట అంతర్జాతీయ మిషనిరీ గా భారత దేశము వచ్చెను. జూలై 13, 1980 న డఫ్ ఈనాడు స్కాటిష్ చర్చ్ కాలేజీ గా పిలువబడుతున్న జనరల్ అసెంబ్లీ ఇన్సిట్ఞూషన్ ను స్థాపించెను. కలకత్తా విశ్వవిద్యాలయం స్థాపన లో పాత్ర వహించెను.
విషయ సూచిక |
[మార్చు] తొలి జీవితము
అలెగ్జాండర్ డఫ్ స్కాట్లెండ్ లో జన్మించెను. యూనివర్శిటీ ఆఫ్ సెయింట్ అండ్రూస్ లో చదివెను. స్కాట్లెండ్ చర్చి విదేశీ వ్యవహారాల కమిటీ ద్వారా భారతదేశములో మొదటి మిషనరీ పదవిని పొంది, 1829 లో భాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించెను.
[మార్చు] భారతదేశములో mission
| Part of a series on Protestant missions to India |
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Background |
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People |
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Works |
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Missionary agencies |
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Pivotal events |
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Indian Protestants |
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రెండు సార్లు ఒడ విరిగిపోయిన సహసోపేతమైన ప్రయాణము తరువాత, డఫ్ మే 27, 1830 న కలకత్తా లో కి అడుగు పెట్టెను. దీర్ఘకాలిక ప్రభావము ఉండే ప్రభుత్వ విధానము (పాలసీ) ని ప్రవేశపెట్టేను. అప్పటి వరకు భారతదేశము లో ని క్రైస్తవ మిషనరీలు సామాజికంగా, అర్థికంగా వెనుకబడిన కొన్నినిమ్న కులముల వారినే క్రైస్తవ మతములోకి మారుస్తూ ఉండేవి. ఉన్నత కుల హిందువులను, ముస్లిములను ముట్టుకునేవి కావు. సాంప్రదాయక మతమార్పిడి విధానాలు ఉన్నత కులముల వారిని ఆకర్షించవు అని తెలివిగా తెలుసుకున్న డఫ్, పాశ్ఛాత్య విద్య ద్వారా ఉన్నత కులముల లో బాలురను ఆకర్షించి, వారికి విద్య నేర్పించి వారిని క్రైస్తవ మతము వైపుకు గుంజ వచ్చను అని గ్రహించాడు. విద్యాశాఖ ప్రభుత్వ విధానాన్ని మార్చాడు. ఆతని కృషి ఫలితముగా భారతదేశము లో విద్యా ప్రమాణాలు పెరగడమే కాకుండా ఉన్నత కుఅ హిందువులలో కి క్రైస్తవ మత సిద్దాంతాలు కూడా ప్రవేశించడము మొదలుపెట్టాయి.
[మార్చు] ఇంగ్లీషు లో విద్య
డఫ్ ఒకటో తరగతి నుండి విశ్వవిద్యాలయ ప్రమాణాల దాకా,లౌకిక(మతభేదము లేని) పాఠములు చెప్పు ఒక పాఠశాలను ప్రారంబించెను. ఈ పాఠశాల ఇంగ్లీషు మీడియము లో ఉండెను.
Duff opened a school in which all kinds of secular subjects were taught, from the rudiments upwards to a university standard, alongside the Bible. The English language was used as the medium of instruction on the grounds that it was the key to Western knowledge. Duff wrote a pamphlet on the question, entitled A New Era of the English Language and Literature in India. A government minute was adopted on March 7, 1835, to the effect that in higher education, the object of the British government in India should be the promotion of European science and literature among the natives of India, and that all funds appropriated for purposes of education would be best employed on English education alone.
Within the British Indian community of that era, there were not lacking those 'Orientalists' who saw value in the traditional learning of India and wished to support and encourage it. They opposed Duff's policy of stringently disregarding the same while assiduously promoting the spread of western education, culture and religion. In 1939, the earl of Auckland, governor-general of India, yielded to them and adopted a policy which was a compromise between the two perspectives.
[మార్చు] The institute(s)
Shortly after landing in India in 1830, Duff opened his institution in a house located at upper Chitpur Road in the Jorasanko neighbourhood of Calcutta. The house was made available to him by Feringhi Kamal Bose, an affluent Hindu. The school soon began to expand into a missionary college, known as the General Assembly's Institution. In 1834, Duff returned to Britain broken in health. During this sojourn, He succeeded in securing the approval of his church for his educational plans, and in arousing much interest in the work of foreign missions. In 1836, the Calcutta institution was moved to Gorachand Bysack's house in the Garanhata neighbourhood. On 23rd February 1837, Mr. MacFarlon, the Chief Magistrate of Calcutta, laid the foundation stone for a new building belonging to the mission itself. The building was designed by Mr. John Gray construction was superintented by Capt. John Thomson, both of the HEIC. The construction of the building was completed in 1839.
In 1840, Duff returned to India. At the Disruption of 1843, Duff sided with the Free Church. He gave up the college buildings, with all their effects, and with unabated courage set to work to provide a new institution, which came to be known as the Free Church Institution (these two institutions founded by Duff, i.e., the General Assembly's Institution and the Free Church Institution would be merged later to form the Scottish Churches College. After the unification of the Church of Scotland in 1929, the institution would be known as Scottish Church College). He had the support of Sir James Outram and Sir Henry Lawrence, and the encouragement of seeing a new band of converts, including several young men born of high caste. In 1844, governor-general Viscount Hardinge opened government appointments to all who had studied in institutions similar to Duff's institution. In the same year, Duff co-founded the Calcutta Review, of which he served as editor editor from 1845 to 1849.
[మార్చు] Later years
In 1849, Duff returned to Britain. He was moderator of the Free Church assembly in 1851. He gave evidence before various Indian committees of parliament on matters of education. This led to an important despatch by Viscount Halifax, president of the board of control, to governor-general the marquess of Dalhousie, authorizing an educational advance in primary and secondary schools; the provision of technical and scientific teaching; and the establishment of schools for girls. In 1854, Duff visited the United States, where what is now New York University gave him the degree of L.L.D.; he was already D.D. of Aberdeen.
In 1856, Duff returned to India, where the mutiny broke out the following year; his descriptive letters written during this period were collected in a volume entitled The Indian Mutiny - its Causes and Results (1858). During this stint in India, Duff gave much thought and time to the University of Calcutta, which owes its examination system and the prominence given to physical sciences to his influence. In 1863, Sir Charles Trevelyan offered him the post of vice-chancellor of the University, but his health compelled him to leave India. As a memorial of his work, the Duff Hall was erected in the centre of the educational buildings of Calcutta.
In 1864, Duff visited South Africa, and on his return, became convener of the foreign missions committee of the Free Church. He raised money to endow a missionary chair at New College, Edinburgh, and himself became first professor. Among other missionary labors of his later years, he helped the Free Church mission on Lake Nyassa, travelled to Syria to inspect a mission at Lebanon, and assisted Lady Aberdeen and Lord Polwarth to establish the Gordon Memorial Mission in Natal. In 1873, the Free Church was threatened with a schism owing to negotiations for union with the United Presbyterian Church. Duff was called to the chair, and guided the church through this crisis. He also took part in forming the alliance of Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system.
Alexander Duff died on February 12, 1878. By his will, he devoted his personal property to found a lectureship on foreign missions on the model of the Bampton Lectures.
[మార్చు] మూలాలు
- మూస:1911
మూస:బెంగాల్ సాంస్కృతికపునరుజ్జీవనం
