United States presidential election, 2004 (detail)

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U.S. presidential election, 2004 detailed results.

1 Full results
2 Result by county/parish (Kerry vs. Bush)
3 Grand Total
4 Notes on results
5 Finance
6 Close states
7 Members of the 2004 United States Electoral College
8 Ballot access
9 “Faithless elector” in Minnesota
10 Electoral vote error in New York
11 Presidential results by congressional district
12 Analysis and trivia
13 External links
14 Timeline
15 Newspaper endorsements
16 Electoral College changes from 2000
- 16.1 Return to U.S. presidential election, 2004

[edit] Full results

The certified results in each state are as follows:

State	Bush	Kerry	Nader	Badnarik	Peroutka	Cobb	Others
Alabama	1,176,394	693,933	6,701	3,495	1,994	-	write-in 898
Alaska	190,889	111,025	5,069	1,675	2,092	1,058	write-in 790
Arkansas	573,182	470,230	6,172	2,352	2,083	1,491
Arizona	1,104,294	893,524	-	11,856	-	138
California	5,509,826	6,745,485	-	50,165	26,645	40,771	Leonard Peltier 27,607, miscellaneous 140
Colorado	1,101,255	1,001,732	12,718	7,664	2,562	1,591	Stanford Andress 804, Gene Amondson 378, Bill Van Auken 329, James Harris (politician) 241, Walt Brown 216, Earl Dodge 140
Connecticut	693,826	857,488	12,969	3,367	1,543	9,564	Roger Calero 12
Delaware	171,660	200,152	2,153	586	289	250	Walt Brown 100
D.C.	21,256	202,970	1,485	502	-	737	write-in 506, James Harris 130
Florida	3,964,522	3,583,544	32,971	11,996	6,626	3,917	Walt Brown 3,502, James Harris 2,732
Georgia	1,914,254	1,366,149	-	18,387	-	-
Hawaii	194,191	231,708	-	1,377	-	1,737
Idaho	409,235	181,098	-	3,844	3,084	-
Illinois	2,346,608	2,891,989	-	32,452	435	240	Peter Camejo 115, Lawson Bone 4, Ernest Virag 4, John Joseph Kennedy 3, David Cook 2, Margaret Trowe 1, Joann Breivogel 1, John Kennedy 1, Robert Christensen 1
Indiana	1,479,438	969,011	-	18,058	-	102	John Joseph Kennedy 37, Walt Brown 22, Lawson Mitchell Bone 6
Iowa	751,957	741,898	5,973	2,992	1,304	1,141	James Harris 373, Bill Van Auken 176
Kansas	736,456	434,993	9,348	4,013	2,899	33	John Joseph Kennedy 5, Bill Van Auken 5, Walt Brown 4
Kentucky	1,069,439	712,733	8,856	2,619	2,213	-
Louisiana	1,102,169	820,299	7,032	2,781	5,203	1,276	Walt Brown 1,795, James Harris 985
Maine	330,201	396,842	8,069	1,965	735	2,936	write-in 4
Maryland	1,024,703	1,334,493	11,854	6,094	3,421	3,632	Joe Schriner 27, John Joseph Kennedy 7, Ted Brown (Libertarian) senior 4, Lawson Mitchell Bone 2, Robert Abraham Boyle II 1
Massachusetts	1,071,109	1,803,800	-	15,022	-	10,623	write-in 7,028
Michigan	2,313,746	2,479,183	24,035	10,552	4,980	5,325	Walt Brown 1,431
Minnesota	1,346,695	1,445,014	18,683	4,639	3,074	4,408	write-in 2,521, Thomas Harens 2,387, Bill Van Auken 539, Roger Calero 416, John Joseph Kennedy 4, Debra Joyce Renderos 2, Martin Wishnatsky 2, Walt Brown 2, Joy Graham-Prendergast 1
Mississippi	672,660	457,766	3,175	1,793	1,758	1,073	James Harris 1,599, write-in 215
Missouri	1,455,713	1,259,171	-	9,831	5,355	-
Montana	266,063	173,710	6,168	1,733	1,764	996
Nebraska	512,814	254,328	5,698	2,041	1,314	978	write-in 931, Roger Calero 82
Nevada	418,690	397,190	4,838	3,176	1,152	853	'None of these candidates' 3,688
New Hampshire	331,237	340,511	4,479	-	-	-	write-in 1,435
New Jersey	1,670,003	1,911,430	19,418	4,514	2,750	1,807	Walt Brown 664, Bill Van Auken 575, Roger Calero 530
New Mexico	376,930	370,942	4,053	2,382	771	1,226
New York	2,962,567	4,314,280	99,873	11,607	207	87	Roger Calero 2,405, Michael Halpin 4, John Joseph Kennedy 4, Bill Van Auken 2
North Carolina	1,961,166	1,525,849	-	11,731	-	108	Walt Brown 348
North Dakota	196,651	111,052	3,756	851	514	-	Martin Wishnatsky 9
Ohio	2,858,727	2,739,952	-	14,695	11,907	186	Joe Schriner 114, James Harris (politician) 22, Richard Duncan 16, Thomas Zych 10, John Thompson Parker 2
Oklahoma	959,792	503,966	-	-	-	-
Oregon	866,831	943,163	-	7,260	5,257	5,315	miscellaneous 8,956
Pennsylvania	2,793,847	2,938,095	-	21,185	6,318	6,319
Rhode Island	169,046	259,760	4,651	907	339	1,333	write-in 845, John Parker 253
South Carolina	937,974	661,699	5,520	3,608	5,317	1,488	Walt Brown 2,124
South Dakota	232,584	149,244	4,320	964	1,103	-
Tennessee	1,384,375	1,036,477	8,992	4,866	2,570	33	Walt Brown 6
Texas	4,526,917	2,832,704	-	38,787	1,626	1,014	Andrew Falk 219, John Joseph Kennedy 126, Walt Brown 111, Deborah Allen 92
Utah	663,742	241,199	11,305	3,375	6,841	39	Charles Jay 946, James Harris (politician) 393, Larry Topham 2, John Joseph Kennedy 1, Joe Schriner 1.
Vermont	121,180	184,067	4,494	1,102	-	-	write-in 957, John Thompson Parker 265, Roger Calero 244
Virginia	1,716,959	1,454,742	-	11,032	10,161	-	write-in 5,473
Washington	1,304,894	1,510,201	23,283	11,955	3,922	2,974	John Thompson Parker 1,077, James Harris (politician) 547, Bill Van Auken 231
West Virginia	423,778	326,541	4,063	1,405	82	5	John Joseph Kennedy 13
Wisconsin	1,478,120	1,489,504	16,390	6,464	-	2,661	write-in 2,986, Walt Brown 471, James Harris (politician) 411
Wyoming	167,629	70,776	2,741	1,171	631	-	write-in 480

[edit] Result by county/parish (Kerry vs. Bush)

This image shows the breakdown by county/parish. Blue for the Democratic candidate, red for the Republican candidate.

[edit] Grand Total

Candidate	Votes	%	States led	National ECV
George W. Bush	62,040,610	50.73	31	286
John Kerry	59,028,444	48.27	19+DC	251
Ralph Nader	465,650	0.38	-	-
Michael Badnarik	397,265	0.32	-	-
Michael Peroutka	143,630	0.12	-	-
David Cobb	119,859	0.096	-	-
Leonard Peltier	27,607	0.023	-	-
Walt Brown	10,837	0.009	-	-
James Harris	7,102	0.006	-	-
Roger Calero	3,698	0.003	-	-
None of these candidates (Nevada)	3,688	0.003	-	-
Thomas Harens	2,387	0.002	-	-
Gene Amondson	1,944	0.002	-	-
Bill Van Auken	1,857	0.002	-	-
John Thompson Parker	1,646	0.001	-	-
Charles Jay	946	0.001	-	-
Stanford Andress	804	0.001	-	-
Earl Dodge	140	0.000	-	-
Total	122,267,553	100.000	50 + DC	538

[edit] Notes on results

New Hampshire has held a recount, requested by Ralph Nader. In New York, Bush obtained 2,806,993 votes on the Republican ticket and 155,574 on the Conservative ticket. Kerry obtained 4,180,755 votes on the Democratic ticket and 133,525 votes on the Working Families ticket. Nader obtained 84,247 votes on the Independence ticket, and 15,626 votes on the Peace and Justice ticket.

Note also: Official Federal Election Commission Report, with the latest, most final, and complete vote totals available.

See also: U.S. presidential election, 2000 (detail)

[edit] Finance

George W. Bush (R) $367,227,801 / 62,040,610 = $5.92 / vote
John Kerry (D) $326,236,288 / 59,028,111 = $5.52
Ralph Nader (i) $4,566,037 / 463,653 = $9.85
Michael Badnarik (L) $1,093,013 / 397,265 = $2.75
Michael Peroutka (C) $709,087 / 144,498 = $4.91

Source: FEC

[edit] Close states

Wisconsin, 0.38%
Iowa, 0.67%
New Mexico, 0.79%
New Hampshire, 1.37%
Ohio, 2.11%
Pennsylvania, 2.50%
Nevada, 2.59%
Michigan, 3.42%
Minnesota, 3.48%
Oregon, 4.16%
Colorado, 4.67%

[edit] Members of the 2004 United States Electoral College

Main article: United States presidential electors, 2004

[edit] Ballot access

Presidential Ticket	Party	Ballot Access
Bush / Cheney	Republican	50+DC
Kerry / Edwards	Democrat	50+DC
Badnarik / Campagna	Libertarian	48+DC
Peroutka / Baldwin	Constitution	36
Nader / Camejo	Independent, Reform	34+DC
Cobb / LaMarche	Green	27+DC

[edit] “Faithless elector” in Minnesota

One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of “John Ewards” [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for Vice President. (John Edwards' name was spelled correctly on all ballots for Vice President.) This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast both of his or her votes for the same person.

Electoral balloting in Minnesota was performed by secret ballot, and none of the electors admitted to casting the Edwards vote for President, so it may never be known who the “faithless elector” was. It is not even known whether the vote for Edwards was deliberate or unintentional, although the Republican Secretary of State and several of the Democratic electors have expressed the opinion that this was an accident. It is worth noting that an Independence Party straw poll, which was published in lieu of an endorsement from that party, selected John Edwards for President, though there is no evidence to suggest that this is related to the Edwards electoral vote for President.

[edit] Electoral vote error in New York

New York's initial electoral vote certificate indicated that all of its 31 electoral votes for president were cast for “John L. Kerry of Massachusetts” instead of John F. Kerry, who won the popular vote in the state.^[1] This was apparently the result of a typographical error, and an amended electoral vote certificate with the correct middle initial was transmitted to the President of the Senate prior to the official electoral vote count.^[2]

[edit] Presidential results by congressional district

In his successful bid for reelection in 2004, Republican George W. Bush won the popular vote in 255 of the nation's 435 congressional districts, a 75-seat edge over Democrat John Kerry’s 180. At 255, the President won 27 more districts than the 228 he carried in the 2000 election. There were 59 “turnover” or “split” districts, i.e., those represented in the U.S. House by a member of a party other than the winner of the presidential vote in the district. Following the 2004 election, 41 districts of the 109th Congress were carried by Bush yet represented by a Democrat; 18 districts were carried by John Kerry yet represented by a Republican. This represents a continued decrease over recent presidential elections. In 2000 there were 86 turnover districts. In 1996, there were 110 turnover districts. The 2004 presidential election was the first following the 2001–2002 redistricting phase of congressional apportionment.

Caveats: only a handful of states report the results by district. These numbers are estimates based upon results collected from the 400 counties that contain a portion of more than one district. They may include an allocation of absentee/early votes which were not tabulated by district.^[3]

[edit] Analysis and trivia

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Cartogram comparing voter turnout to result

The results produced many interesting features. A partial list is given below, but it is by no means complete.

This is the first time since George H.W. Bush in 1988 that the winning candidate has won the majority of the popular vote.
Although Bush received a majority of the popular vote: 50.73% to Kerry's 48.27%, it was, percentage-wise, the closest popular margin ever for a sitting President; Bush received 2.5% more than Kerry; the closest previous margin won by a sitting President was 3.2% for Woodrow Wilson in 1916. In terms of absolute number of popular votes, his victory margin (approximately 3 million votes) was the smallest of any sitting President since Harry S. Truman in 1948.
At least 12 million more votes were cast than in the 2000 election. Based upon 2000 census figures, 42.45% of the U.S. population voted in the 2004 election. Note that this is a percentage of the entire population, not of just eligible voters. The record turnout—the highest since 1968—was attributed partly to the intensity of the division between the candidates and partly to intensive voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts by both major parties and their allies.[1]
Owing to the nation's growing population and large turnout, both Pres. Bush and Sen. Kerry received more votes than any previous presidential candidate in American history. The previous record was held by Republican Ronald Reagan, who in 1984 received more votes than any other presidential candidate in American history (54.4 million).
The counties where Bush led in the popular vote amount to 83% of the geographic area of the U.S. (excluding Alaska, which did not report results by borough/census area, but had all electoral districts but one of the two in Juneau vote for Bush).
Between the 2000 and 2004 elections, the House of Representatives (and therefore the Electoral College) had been reapportioned per the results of the 2000 Census. If Bush won exactly the same states as he won in 2000, he would win by a margin of 278-260, a net gain of 7 electoral votes over his performance in 2000.
Only three states picked a winner from a different party than they had in 2000. Bush took Iowa and New Mexico (combined 12 electoral votes), both won by Democrat Al Gore in 2000, while Kerry took New Hampshire (4 electoral votes), which Bush had previously won. Bush received a net gain of 8 electoral votes from these switches. All three were very close states in both 2000 and 2004, and none gained or lost electoral votes due to reapportionment.
As in 2000, electoral votes split along sharp geographical lines: The west coast, northeast, and most of the Great Lakes region for Kerry, and the South, Great Plains, and Mountain states for Bush. The widespread support for Bush in the southern states continued the transformation of the formerly Democratic Solid South to the Republican South.
Minor-party candidates received many fewer votes, dropping from a total of 3.5% in 2000 to approximately one percent. As in 2000, Ralph Nader finished in third place, but his total declined from 2.9 million to 400,000, leaving him with fewer votes than Reform Party candidate Pat Buchanan had received in finishing fourth in 2000. The combined minor-party total was the lowest since 1988.
The election marked the first time an incumbent president was returned to office while his political party increased its numbers in both houses of Congress since Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 election. It was the first time for a Republican since William McKinley in the 1900 election.
Without the gains received in Texas, the Republicans would have suffered a net loss of three seats in the House. The number of Republican seats in Texas possibly changed due to the controversial and unusual 2003 Texas redistricting^{[citation needed]}. Unlike in most states, the Texas legislature was unable to redistrict prior to the 2002 elections, instead having its districting imposed by a federal judge.
Michael Badnarik and David Cobb were arrested in St. Louis, Missouri on October 8, 2004 for an act of civil disobedience. Badnarik and Cobb were protesting their exclusion from the presidential debates between George W. Bush and John Kerry.
Ironically, one issue from the 2000 election had been Bush's electoral victory despite losing the popular vote. Yet, if Kerry had won Ohio, he could have won the election and still would have lost the popular vote.

[edit] External links

[edit] Official candidate websites (alphabetical, by last name)

A website originally existed for George W. Bush's campaign, but after the election it was removed and the URL now redirects to the Republican Party website. The other five candidates continued to run their campaign websites as personal sites.

[edit] Official party websites (alphabetical)

[edit] Election maps & analysis

NYTimes.com 2004 Election Results Interactive Graphic
PBS.org Interactive Electoral College Map
Maps and cartograms of the 2004 U.S. presidential election results - Michael Gastner, Cosma Shalizi, and Mark Newman, University of Michigan
Electoral College Meta-Analysis - Professor Sam Wang, Princeton University (election.princeton.edu)
Election 2004 Results - Robert J. Vanderbei, Princeton University
Interactive Atlas of the 2004 Presidential Election Results - Dave Liep
Alternate views of the electoral results map
Assessing the Vote and the Roots of American Political Divide
How the 2004 Presidential Election Impacted the Way Americans Speak
U.S. Election 2004 Web Monitor
November 2: Election Day 2004 A chronicle of campaign news & commentary...]
The Honky Tonk Gap: Country Music, Red State Identity, and the Election of 2004

[edit] State-by-state forecasts of electoral vote outcome

Political Oddsmaker - 98.2% accurate calls in 2,700 races since 1995 (Page not up as of 2007)
Electoral Vote Projection Graph
Probability analysis of Electoral College based on latest poll results by state
Electoral Vote Predictor 2004
Election Projection: Detailed electoral analysis, updated frequently
Federal Review Composite Poll
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball
Professor Pollkatz's Pool of Polls
Running the Numbers: Election 2004
Swing State Project
President Elect: swing-state analysis, updated infrequently
Race 2004
USA Today polls
Electoral college simulations

[edit] Controversies

[edit] Election campaign funding

2004 Center for Responsive Politics compiles data about who gives and who receives
Money Maps

[edit] Election 2004 global debate and voting

[edit] Minnesota electoral voting snafu

[edit] Election 2004 news media

Associated Press Presidential Elections
BBC Vote USA 2004
CNN America Votes 2004
Fox News You Decide 2004: Election 2004 coverage
The Guardian U.S. Elections 2004
The Washington Post Election 2004 coverage
Yahoo! News Election 2004
Directory of Media Endorsements including links to read them and some 2000 vs. 2004 endorsement analysis.
The journal Science's interview with the 2 candidates regarding their positions on science
Green Party considers 2004 strategy - MSNBC, July 2003

[edit] Election video archive

Internet Archive's Election 2004 archive has lots of freely downloadable movies

[edit] Election 2004 link directories

[edit] Timeline

Further information: U.S. presidential election, 2004 timeline

[edit] Newspaper endorsements

The online edition of Editor & Publisher, a journal covering the North American newspaper industry, tabulated newspaper endorsements for the two major candidates. As of November 1, 2004, their tally showed the following:

Endorsements
Bush	189
Kerry	208

A more complete breakdown is also available, including changes between 2000 and 2004.

[edit] Electoral College changes from 2000

The U.S. population is continuously shifting, and some states grow in population faster than others. With the completion of the 2000 census, Congressional reapportionment took place, moving some representative districts from the slowest growing states to the fastest growing. As a result, several states had a different number of electors in the U.S. Electoral College in 2004 than in 2000, since the number of electors allotted to each state is equal to the sum of the number of Senators and Representatives from that state.

The following table shows the change in electors from the 2000 election. Red states represent those won by Bush; and Blue states, those won by both Gore and Kerry. All states except Nebraska and Maine use a winner-take-all allocation of electors. Each of these states was won by the same party in 2004 that had won it in 2000; thus, George W. Bush received a net gain of seven electoral votes due to reapportionment.

Gained votes	Lost votes
Arizona (8→10 +2) Florida (25→27 +2) Georgia (13→15 +2) Texas (32→34 +2) California (54→55 +1) Colorado (8→9 +1) North Carolina (14→15 +1) Nevada (4→5 +1)	New York (33→31 -2) Pennsylvania (23→21 -2) Connecticut (8→7 -1) Mississippi (7→6 -1) Ohio (21→20 -1) Oklahoma (8→7 -1) Wisconsin (11→10 -1) Illinois (22→21 -1) Indiana (12→11 -1) Michigan (18→17 -1)

(This table uses the currently common Red→Republican, Blue→Democratic color association, as do the maps on this page. Some older party-affiliation maps use the opposite color coding for historical reasons.)

[edit] Return to U.S. presidential election, 2004

2004 United States Presidential Election

Candidates: George W. Bush • John Kerry • Ralph Nader • (full list)

General articles: Election timeline • Detailed results • Democratic primaries • Republican Convention • Democratic Convention • Effects in Canada
Controversies: Controversy and irregularities (timeline) • Exit polling inconsistancies • Vote suppression • Voting machines • Moss v. Bush • Florida • Ohio • Kerry military service • Bush military service
Local results: Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • District of Columbia • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
Other 2004 elections: House • Senate • Gubernatorial

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