Waddy Butler Wood
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Waddy Butler Wood (1869 - January 25, 1944) was a prominent Washington, DC based American architect of the early 20th century.
Although Wood designed and remodeled numerous private residences, his reputation rested primarily on his larger commissions, such as banks, commercial offices, and government buildings. His most famous works include the Woodrow Wilson House and the Department of the Interior headquarters building.
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[edit] Early life and education
Waddy Wood was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1869 to Capt. Charles Wood, a Virginian who had relocated west to seek better opportunities. His family returned to Virginia shortly after he was born. He grew up on the family estate, Spring Hill Farm (itself on the National Register of Historic Places), in Ivy, Gloucester County, Virginia. He eventually attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute for his advanced education.
[edit] Early career
In 1892 he entered the occupation of architecture working in Washington, DC. His first important commissions were on two streetcar barns. The first in 1896 was the East Capitol Street Car Barn, which he helped to design with engineer A.N. Connett, for the Metropolitan Railroad. Then in 1897 he designed the Georgetown Car Barn, then known as Union Station, for Capital Traction. The Georgetown Car Barn, incidentally, is best known for the famous "Exorcist Stairs" along the west side. He then designed several homes in what was then Kalorama Heights (now Adams Morgan). During this early period he worked with several other architects including Theodore Fredrich Laist, Edward Donn, Jr. and William I. Deming.
[edit] Wood, Donn & Deming
In 1902 he began an association with Edward Donn and William Deming, forming the firm of Wood, Donn and Deming. The firm was highly successful in Washington, DC providing services to various branches of government. Their designs can be found throughout the United States, including the expansion of the Portsmouth Naval Hospital in Portsmouth, Virginia. They also had a strong residential client base designing houses for prominent citizens such as Mrs. Phil Sheridan, General Charles Lane Fitzhugh and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet; as well as public residences such as the Bachelor Apartment House near the White House.
In 1906 Wood, Donn & Deming became the first D.C. architecture firm to design a bank high-rise in Washington when they designed the Union Trust building. National Savings & Trust, Riggs, American Security & Trust and the National Metropolitan Bank had each retained nationally renowned architects. D.C. architects were "only entrusted with branch banks and additions" until "Union Trust interrupted this trend by choosing Waddy Wood's firm of Wood, Donn & Deming" to design its headquarters at 15th and H streets, according to Commercial National's files in the National Register of Historic Places.
Wood's work for Union Trust and later, on his own on the Commercial National Bank Building, the National Register files note, "represents a coming of age of the local architectural profession, particularly since both designs were published in national architectural journals."
Wood's partnership with Donn and Deming is best known for the firm's work in 1907 on the Masonic temple at 13th Street and New York Avenue NW, now the National Museum of Women in the Arts. The 69,000-square-foot building, a specimen of neo-Renaissance and Renaissance Revival styles, was declared a D.C. historic landmark in 1984 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
The building originally housed professional offices, the George Washington University law library and a movie theater in addition to the Masonic lodge hall. The exterior has never been altered substantially. As the Temple Association envisioned, the building's location at the tip of a wedge-shaped block provides an aesthetic buffer zone which "permits of no future building being erected sufficiently near to mar [the Temple's] monumental effect ... ."
Despite the successes of Wood, Donn and Deming, the firm was dissolved in 1912, and Wood opened his own practice.
[edit] Personal Practice
Waddy Wood's most famous buildings were created after he left Wood, Donn & Deming. In 1915 he built a home for Henry Parker Fairbanks, which was purchased by Woodrow Wilson in 1920 and became the Woodrow Wilson House (or the Fairbanks-Wilson house). As his reputation grew, his client list became quite prominent. In addition to President Wilson, he designed a home for Howe P. Corcoran and remodeled the interior of Senator Oscar Underwood's home in Fairfax County - Woodlawn, a home originally designed by William Thornton, which Wood had worked on previously during his association with Donn and Deming.
In the late 1910s, Wood was featured in an exhibition - at the famous Octagon - of architectural drawings by Washington architects. In 1920 after the Octagon exhibit, Wood was selected to present drawings for the National Architectural Exhibition at the Corcoran Galleries. The drawings selected were a mix of works between 1914 and 1920. A larger number were drawings of United States Housing Corporation buildings that he designed to house World War I workers. He also featured commercial buildings, such as the Shoreham Hotel and Commercial National Bank. His residential work featured at the exhibit included the Lawrence Lee Residence. [1]
During the World War I period, Wood designed many temporary wartime buildings in Washington. He did not take a fee for the cost of designing the buildings and as a result was praised by Franklin D. Roosevelt, then a partner of the law firm Roosevelt and O’Connor of New York. Roosevelt and Wood first became associated when Wood designed a house for Roosevelt’s uncle, Frederic Delano. Wood was active in the Democratic Party and their relationship continued after Roosevelt became President. Wood was commissioned to design the inauguration court of honor for President Roosevelt, as he had done for Roosevelt’s predecessor, Woodrow Wilson.
Wood was a proponent of the Colonial Revival style. In a 1922 article authored by Wood and published in Country Life magazine, he stated that architecture was “frozen history” and evidence of our past. His romantic view of buildings and architecture had its source in the days of the Colonial period, when the craftsman worked their buildings into an art form. His proponence of the Colonial Revival extends beyond the romantic view of the link between our past and present, but to its economic sensibilities of the early 20th century. He argued that the heavy articulation of the Craftsman style was much more costly than the Colonial Revival which is more delicate and simplified.
While many urban architects of the early 20th century applied classical design values with little adaptation, Wood spoke for an emerging school that regarded classical design as an accent to inspire and punctuate modern design.
Though his government buildings are his most prominent, Wood was also recognized for his housing design. His former partner, William I. Deming, was skilled in the restoration of old homes, and during Wood’s association with Deming he was exposed to numerous renovations of historic houses in Virginia. He designed housing largely in Washington, DC, but also in Virginia for private clients, and some government clients. In addition, he designed school buildings for the Washington, DC school system.
His greatest work is the Department of the Interior Headquarters Building in Washington, DC. Then Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes personally selected Waddy Wood as architect and worked very closely with him to ensure comfort and efficiency in the innovative new building. He was so involved with the design and construction of the Interior building that when the building opened, it was referred to as "Ickes new home."
The Interior building is 7 stories with a basement (an additional floor between the 5th and 6th stories is devoted entirely to mechanical equipment). Above the central axis is a setback 8th story. The building is arranged into 6 east-west wings connected by a central north-south spine. This massing creates ten U-shaped courts, allowing each of the 2200 rooms an exterior exposure.
The Interior building featured a number of 'firsts' for Federal buildings: the first to have a central vacuum cleaning system, one of the earliest to be air-conditioned, and one of the first to incorporate a parking garage in the building. The somewhat austere 'Moderne' exterior belies the interior's abundant artwork and ornamentation. The building's 3 miles of corridors are lined with many murals and sculpture. Six Native American artists painted more than 2200 square feet of murals.
The central corridor contains the Grand Staircase and has a checkered marble floor, bronze railings and a coffered plaster ceiling. A pair of marble bas reliefs by Boris Gilbertson adorn the walls: one of moose and the other of buffalo. The buffalo motif is found throughout the building including in the Departmental Seal and on the doorknobs of the Secretary of the Interior's Executive Suite. The Executive Suite has oak paneling with a marble fireplace. Besides offices, the building contains an auditorium, museum, Indian arts and crafts gift shop, library, post office and gymnasium-all part of the original design.
In addition to his work, Waddy Wood served as the president of the Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. In that capacity, he said in a 1928 speech "We will eventually build up a modern style of architecture based on evolution and not revolution, which has to rest, as all civilization does, on a foundation of precedent."
He died at his home near Warrenton, Virginia, January 25, 1944
[edit] Works
Date added to the National Registry of Historical Places in Bold
[edit] Waddy Wood - Early
- 2121 Bancroft Place, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1895; Five-story brick town home, Wood's former residence
- East Capitol Street Car Barn, 1400 E. Capitol St., NE, Washington, D.C.; 1896, Romenesque design also known as the Metropolitan Car Barn 1974
- Georgetown Car Barn, 3600 M Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1897
- 1790-1796 Columbia Road, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1897-8, Wood lived in the house at 1796 Columbia Road from 1899 to 1900 and at 1794 Columbia Road from 1900 to 1902, 1790 has been razed
- 3100 Newark Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1897; introduced the Shingle style to Cleveland Park
- 3432 Newark Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1897; introduced the Mission Revival to Cleveland Park
- 2437-2455 18th Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1897, 2455 has been razed
- 2481-2483 18th Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1899
- Gunston Hall, 324 Vanderbilt Rd., Biltmore Forest, NC; 1900?, 1991
[edit] Wood, Donn & Deming
- Expansion of Portsmouth Naval Hospital, On Hospital Point at Washington and Crawford Sts., Portsmouth, VA; 1902, also known as Norfolk Naval Hospital, 1972
- Armstrong Manual Training School, Jct. of 1st and P Sts., NW, Washington, D.C.; 1902, 1996
- Chinese Legation, 2001 19th Street, NW, Washington, D.C; 1902; now condominiums
- Thomas P. Morgan Elementary School, 1773 California Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1902; the “Morgan” of Adams Morgan, razed prior to 1971
- Alice Pike Barney Studio House, 2306 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1902; now the Embassy of Latvia, 1995
- Rectory and school building at St. Patrick's Church, 619 Tenth Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1904 in English gothic style
- Enlarge and remodel Old Providence Hospital, Folger Square, SE, Washington, D.C.; 1904, razed 1964
- Bachelor Apartment House (aka "The Bachelor"), 1737 H Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1905, 1978
- Douglas House, Washington, D.C.; 1905, built for Charles A. Douglas, razed in 1949
- Emmanuel Episcopal Church, US 250, Greenwood, VA; 1905-1915, 1982
- Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, 2801 Upton Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1906; now the Levine School of Music, 1994
- Capital Traction Company Car Barn, 4615 14th Street, NW, Washington DC; 1906, also known as the Decatur Street Car Barn, pending
- Union Trust Building, 740 15th St. NW, Washington, D.C.; 1907; Also known as First American Bank Building, 1984
- 1904 T Street NW, Washington, DC; 1907, annexed by Gunston Hall School in 1926, razed in 1965
- Masonic Temple, 1250 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1907; now the National Museum of Women in the Arts, 1987
- Enlarge and remodel the Faulkner House for Senator Thomas S. Martin, 2201 Old Ivy Rdoad, Charlottesville, VA; 1907, also known as Seymour, Montesano, Garallen or Old Ivy Inn, 1984
- 1845 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC; 1907, razed
- 2001 19th Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1908
- 1929-1933 19th Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1908, built for Charles H. Davidson (1929 & 1931) (1931 & 1933)
- Norfolk YMCA building, Norfolk, VA; 1908-1910
- Edgewood, Rt 231, Cash Corner, Keswick, VA; 1911, built for Ambassador George Barclay Rives, served as home for singer-songwriter Art Garfunkel and movie director Hugh Wilson
- Remodel Woodlawn Plantation, W of junction of U.S. 1 and Rte. 235, Fairfax, VA;?, 1970
[edit] Waddy Wood - Late
- Meadowbrook School, Leesburg, VA; 1912-13
- Providence Hospital, 1150 Varnum St., NE, Washington, D.C.; 1912-18
- Tucker House, 2320 S Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1913; now the Textile Museum, 1973
- Greystone, 2325 Porter Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1913
- Carnegie Institute, Dept. of Terrestrial Magnetism Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1913-14
- Washington Baseball Club, Washington, D.C.; 1914-21
- The Woodrow Wilson House; 2340 S Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1915, also known as the Fairbanks-Wilson House, 1966
- Bushfield Manor renovation and addition, 367 Club House Loop, Mount Holly, VA; 1916, 2004
- Shoreham Hotel, 2500 Calvert Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1916-21
- Council of National Defense building, Washington, D.C.; 1917-18
- Food Administration building, Washington, D.C.; 1918-19
- War Industries Board and War Trade Board buildings, Washington, D.C.; 1918-19
- United States Housing Corp., Washington, D.C.; 1918-21
- Commercial National Bank Building, 700 14th St, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1919, 1991
- Martha Jefferson House, 1600 Gordon Ave, Charlottesville, VA; 1920-21, previously known as Ackley, then converted into a retirement home
- Thomas Balch Library, 208 W. Market St., Leesburg, VA; 1922
- Delano, Frederic A., residence, Washington, D.C.; 1922-28
- Blue Ridge Farm, Rt 637 & Rt 691, Greenwood, VA; 1923-1927, 1991
- All States Hotel for Women Government Employees, Washington, D.C.; 1925-39
- The Victor Building Addition, 724-726 9th Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1925
- Brightwood Elementary School, 1300 Nicholson St., NW, Washington, D.C.; 1926
- Methodist Home for Aged, Washington, D.C.; 1926
- Chevy Chase Club and homes nearby, Chevy Chase, MD; 1926
- Southern Railway Building, 1500 K Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1928
- Handford MacNidor residence, Mason City, Iowa, 1929
- 1901 23rd Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1929; Neo-classical and Georgian Revival
- 1909 23rd Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1929; Neo-classical and Georgian Revival - built for his daughter.
- Fauquier County Hospital, Warrenton, VA; 1932
- The Diplomatic and Consular Officers Memorial - now in the State Department Building; 1933
- Department of the Interior headquarters building, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1934-38, 1986
- National Training School for Girls, 605 50th Street, NE Washington, D.C.; 1936; now the Nannie Helen Burroughs School
