Waterborne diseases
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According to the World Health Organization, waterborne diseases are those which generally arise from the contamination of water by feces or urine, infected by pathogenic viruses or bacteria, and which are directly transmitted when unsafe water is drunk or used in the preparation of food.[citation needed]
Contents |
[edit] Common waterborne diseases
[edit] Global morbility and mortality
Some data from early 90's indicate that:
| Disease and Transmission | Microbial Agent | Sources of Agent in Water Supply | General Symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amebiasis (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytic) (Cyst-like appearance) | Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply | Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea |
| Cryptosporidiosis (oral) | Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum) | Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water. | Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea , loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach |
| Cyclosporiasis | Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis) | Sewage, non-treated drinking water | cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue |
| Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite | Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia. | Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains |
| Schistosomiasis (immersion) | Schistosoma | Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes | Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches |
| dracunculiasis | dracanculus medinensis | drinking water containing infective cyclops | allergic reaction,urticarial rash, nausea, vomitting, diarrhoea, asthmatic attack. |
| taeniasis solium | taenia solium | contaminate drinking water with eggs | intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis |
| fascioliasis | fasciola | contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria | GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargment, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice. |
| hymenolepiasis nana | hymenolepis nana | contaminated drinking water with eggs | mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation |
| hyatidosis | echinococcus granulosus | contaminated drinking water with eggs | hyatid cyst press on bile ductand blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock. |
| coenurosis | multiceps multiceps | contaminated drinking water with eggs | inreases intacranial tension |
| ascraiasis | ascaris lumbricoides | contaminated drinking water with eggs | loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea ,vomitting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment, |
| enterobiasis | entrobius vermicularis | contaminated drinking water with eggs | perianal itch, nervous imitability, hyperactivityand isomnia |
| Disease | Morbility (cases per year) |
Mortality (deaths per year) |
|
| Intestinal Parasites | 1,500,000,000 | 100,000 | |
| Schistosomiasis | 200,000,000 | 200,000 |
BACTERIA
Cholera - Vibrio cholerae bacteria - gastro-intestinal often waterborne
Botulism - Clostridium botulinum bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food
Typhoid - Salmonella typhi bacteria - gastro-intestinal water/food borne
Dysentery - Shigella/Salmonella bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water
Legionellosis
Leptospirosis
VIRUSES
Hepatitis A - Hepatitis A virus - gastro-intestinal water/food borne
Polio - polioviruses - gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated sewage; may also be waterborne
Rotaviruses
Norwalk-like agents
Caliciviruses
Astroviruses
Small Round Structured Virus (SRSV)
Enteric Adenoviruses
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- World Health Organization
- Center for Diseases Control U.S.
- Safe Water for International Travelers gives a rating of water safety worldwide
