Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
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| Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia | |
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 Statue of Saint Wenceslaus in Olomouc (Czech Republic) |
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| Martyr | |
| Born | 907, Prague, Bohemia |
| Died | 935 (or 929), Stará Boleslav, Bohemia |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church |
| Major shrine | St Vitus Cathedral, Prague |
| Feast | September 28 |
| Attributes | Crown, dagger, eagle on a banner |
| Patronage | Bohemia, Czech Republic, Prague |
 Saints Portal |
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Wenceslaus or Wenceslas (Czech: Václav, IPA: [ˈva:tslaf] ; German: Wenzel), styled Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia (b. 907, d. September 28, 935 or 929 – see death controversy below) was the son of Vratislav I, Duke of Bohemia. His father was raised in a Christian milieu through his father, Bořivoj's, who was converted by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, the "apostles to the Slavs". His mother Drahomíra, however, was the daughter of a pagan tribal chief who held on to the pagan belief system, as did many Czech nobles at the time, fearing that the arrival of Christian bishops would threaten their authority. Wenceslaus himself is venerated as Saint Wenceslaus (see below).
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[edit] Childhood
When Wenceslaus was thirteen his father died and he was brought up by his grandmother, Saint Ludmila, who raised him as a Christian. A dispute between the fervently Christian regent and her daughter-in-law drove Ludmila to seek sanctuary at Tetín Castle near Beroun. Drahomíra, who was trying to garner support from the nobility, was furious about losing influence on her son and arranged to have Ludmila strangled at Tetín on September 15, 921.
According to some legends, having regained control of her son, Drahomíra set out to convert him to the old pagan religion. According to other legends she was herself a Christian. About her rule we know nothing.
[edit] Career
In 924 or 925 Wenceslaus assumed government for himself and had Drahomíra exiled. After gaining the throne at the age of eighteen, he promoted the spread of Christianity throughout Bohemia. This was accomplished not only by building churches, such as future St Vitus Cathedral (named after a Roman saint whose body was translated to Saxony from St. Denis) at Hradčany Hill in Prague, but also by his acquiescence to the influence of the Holy Roman Empire. Because of this relationship with the Holy Roman Empire, the pagan nobility of Bohemia saw Wenceslaus and his faith as a threat not only to their pagan tradition, but also to their very sovereignty.
Early in 929 Wenceslaus became an "amicus" (Friend, but with lower prestige) of the German King Henry I the Fowler, although it remains unclear as to whether this was the result of a voluntary submission or forced upon Wenceslaus by a German invasion. Some chroniclers identify either the growing German influence or hostility to Wenceslaus' religious policies as the main reason for his death.
[edit] Death and controversy
In September of 935 (or 929), a group of nobles allied with Wenceslaus' younger brother, Boleslaus (Boleslav I of Bohemia), in a plot to kill the prince. Boleslaus had been raised in the pagan tradition by Drahomira, and was Wenceslaus' successor to the throne. After inviting his brother to the feast of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Boleslaus murdered him on his way to church, and thus succeeded him as the Prince of Bohemia. (Note the title Prince, indicating independence from the Catholic Holy Roman Empire, as opposed to Duke, the title granted by the Empire to Wenceslaus.) Purportedly Wenceslaus was murdered by being hacked to death at the door of the church in the town now called Stará Boleslav.
According to Cosmas' chronicle, one of Boleslav's sons was born on the day of Wenceslaus' death, and because of the ominous circumstance of his birth the infant was named Strachkvas, which means "a dreadful feast".
There are discrepancies in the records regarding the date of Wenceslaus' death. It has been argued that Wenceslaus' remains were transferred to St Vitus's Church in 932, ruling out the later date; however, the year 935 is now favoured by historians as the date of his murder.
There is a tradition which states that Saint Wenceslaus' loyal servant, Podevin, avenged his death by killing one of the chief conspirators. Podevin was executed by Boleslav.
[edit] Canonization and other memorials
After his death, Wenceslaus was canonised as a saint due to his martyr's death, as well as several purported miracles that occurred after his death. Wenceslaus is the patron saint of the Czech people and the Czech Republic. His feast day is September 28. Since the year 2000, this day is a public holiday in the Czech Republic, celebrated as Czech Statehood Day. In his honour, a statue of Wenceslaus clad in armour on horseback stands in Prague's Václavské náměstí (Wenceslaus Square). A parody of this statue, created by David Černý, hangs in a building that faces the square. He is best known in the English speaking world, outside of the Czech Republic, as the subject of the Christmas carol "Good King Wenceslas".
[edit] Wenceslaus in fiction
An old legend says that a huge army of knights sleep inside Blaník, a mountain in the Czech Republic. The knights will wake and under the command of St. Wenceslaus will help the Motherland when it is in ultimate danger. (See also King in the mountain legends)
He is the subject of the popular Boxing Day and Christmas Carol Good King Wenceslaus.
There is a 1994 television film entitled Good King Wenceslaus which is a highly fictional account of his early life. The film stars Jonathan Brandis in the title role, supported by Leo McKern, Stefanie Powers and Joan Fontaine as Ludmila.
[edit] Son
- Zbraslav of Bohemia - son of Wenceslaus and his concubine (cs:Byl pravděpodobně ženatý, ale jeho manželka mu neporodila syna (buď byla bezdětná nebo se z tohoto svazku narodily pouze dcery). Údajného syna Zbraslava, kterého opět vzpomínají legendy, by Václav zřejmě zplodil se svojí souložnicí).
| Preceded by Vratislav I |
Duke of Bohemia 921-c. 935 |
Succeeded by Boleslav I |
