From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Welcome to the Activities sub-project of the Amboseli Biosphere Reserve WikiProject, a collaborative workspace for stakeholders dedicated to improving knowledge and guiding natural resource conservation and management in and around the Amboseli Biosphere Reserve.

(For more information on WikiProjects, please see Wikipedia:WikiProject and the Guide to WikiProjects).

The material in this project is taken from the Annexes of a report on Amboseli as a Biosphere Reserve* produced in 2006 by the Amboseli Trust for Elephants for the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere programme. We assume that if you have artrived at this site, you either want to find information about specific activies in the ecosystem, or, given the nature of WikiProjects, contribute new or update existing information. Welcome!

^* Croze, H., Sayialel, S. and Sitonic, D. (2006). What’s on in the ecosystem: Amboseli as a Biosphere Reserve.
A Compendium of Conservation and Management Activities in the Amboseli Ecosystem. 28 pp + annexes. Nairobi: ATE/AERP, UNESCO/MAB.

For the project Goals and Scope, please see the main report that reside in a separate WikiProject, Amboseli Biosphere Reserve.

Contents 1 Guidelines 2 Gaps in Knowledge 3 Summaries of Contemporary Conservation & Research 3.1 Amboseli Baboon Project 3.2 Amboseli Research and Conservation Project 3.3 Amboseli Trust for Elephants & the Amboseli Elephant Research Project 3.4 The long-term neotaphonomic study of vertebrate remains in Amboseli National Park 3.5 AWF – African Wildlife Foundation: Kilimanjaro Heartland 3.6 LUCID – Land Use Change, Impacts and Dynamics 3.7 School for Field Studies 3.8 African Conservation Centre (ACC) 3.9 Research Programme on Sustainable Use of Dryland Biodiversity 3.10 BEADS – Beads for Education, Advancement, Development and Success 3.11 Namelok Community Development Association 3.12 Maasai Settlement and Land-use, Landscape Mosaics, and the Spatial Patterning of Vegetation and Wildlife in East African Savannas 3.13 Cheetah Conservation and Human Impact in Kenya 3.14 [Longido Elephant Research Project] 3.15 People-Wildlife Relationship in the Amboseli Ecosystem 3.16 Amboseli Carnivore Monitoring Project 3.17 Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme 3.18 Spatial-temporal distribution of elephants and their interaction with humans in the Kimana/Kuku wildlife dispersal area of Tsavo and Amboseli National Parks 3.19 Kilimanjaro Lion Conservation Project 3.20 Maasailand Ecological Research 3.21 Kajiado Wild Dog Research 3.22 Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflict in the Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya 3.23 South Rift Association of Land owners (SORALO) 3.24 Wings for Africa 3.25 Amboseli Community Wildlife Tourism Project 4 Wildlife Concession Activities 4.1 Maasailand Preservation Trust (Ol Donyo Wuas) 4.2 Selenkay Conservancy and Porini Camp 4.3 Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust (Campi ya Kanzi) 4.4 Kitirua Conservation Trust 4.5 Amboseli/Tsavo Game Scouts Association 4.6 Ol Kanjau 5 Lodges & Hotels 5.1 Sopa Lodge 5.2 Amboseli Serena Safari Lodge 5.3 Ol Tukai Lodge 5.4 African Safari Club (including tented camps, such as Leopard Lodge, Zebra Lodge, Cheetah, etc.; and Kimana Lodge) 5.5 Amboseli Lodge and Kilimanjaro Safari Camp 5.6 Tortilis Camp 6 References 7 Acronyms 8 Participants 8.1 Candidates 9 New articles 10 Collaboration and review 10.1 Templates 10.2 Categories 10.3 Resources 10.3.1 Related projects

[edit] Guidelines

Please feel free to browse the text below and make whatever additions and corrections you are able within your field of expertise and scope of knowledge. We expect there will be two main types of project participants: (a) colleagues who contributed information to the original report and who now wish to correct, edit or update the material in their partiuclar section, or (b) colleagues where were omitted from the first version of the report, who now wish to add new information on their activities.

Editing is quite straight-forward. For tricks, tips and rules, see How to edit a page and Manual of Style.

As an aside, if you could add hyperlinks to websites relevant to terms or names in the section you are editing, it would be excellent. Looking at the reference mentioned above, or just going into edit mode on most Wiki pages, will give you and idea of the formatting conventions.

WikiProject maintains a log of edits, but we would be grateful if you would let us know that you have made changes to a particular section with an email to Harvey Croze, hcroze@elephanttrust.org.

[edit] Gaps in Knowledge

	To-do list for Wikipedia:WikiProject Amboseli BR Activities:	edit  · history  · watch  · refresh
Here are some tasks you can do: Cleanup: Check out your section for errors. Update: Add new activities and results to your section. Other: Amboseli Hydrology. One of the most important drivers of the ecosystem is also one of the biggest mysteries. See http://kili-amb-hydrology.blogspot.com/

[edit] Summaries of Contemporary Conservation & Research

[edit] Amboseli Baboon Project

Mission/Objective A long-term, coordinated series of studies of yellow baboons, Papio cynocephalus, in the Amboseli region.

Description The Amboseli Baboon Project has long cantered on processes at the individual, group, and population levels, and in recent years has also included other aspects of baboon biology, such as genetics, hormones, and nutrition, hybridization, and relations with other species. The 1963-64 exploratory and descriptive study and a brief follow-up in 1969 laid the groundwork for the series of studies that followed and that continue to this day. As of the end of 2000, some 50 investigators have worked on field or analysis and modelling aspects of the project at various times, including population ecology, social behaviour, development, individual-based life histories, male dominance and reproduction, aging, foraging, impacts of changing ecological conditions, genetic population structure, physiology. Here are some major transitions in the history of the project.

Principal(s) Steward and Jeanne Altmann; Susan Alberts, Raphael Mututua, Sereh Sayialel and others.

Location Amboseli National Park and southwester parts of the Amboseli ecosystem. Research Camp situation on compound on premises of Olgulului Public Campsite.

Timing Initiated 1963; long-term, coordinated project began 1971; on-going.

Funding source(s) Financial support for ABP has come from a number of sources at various times, especially the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and the Chicago Zoological Society.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University. Main Partners: Department of Biology, Duke University; Amboseli Elephant Research Project.

Contact Info Jeanne Altmann
Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
Guyot Hall, Room 106
Princeton University
Princeton NJ USA
+1-609-258-3814
altj@Princeton.EDU

Products More than 180 peer-reviewed articles, reports and popular accounts.

\[Source: http://www.princeton.edu/\~baboon/index.html-]

[edit] Amboseli Research and Conservation Project

Mission/Objective To provide long-term data on the structure, dynamics and changes of the Amboseli ecosystem and technical support for its conservation.

Description The Amboseli Research and Conservation Project, started in 1967, includes long-term monitoring of the numbers and distribution of wildlife, livestock and human settlement in relation to rainfall, pasture and other environmental factors. It aims to explain the factors governing the structure, dynamics and changes of the ecosystem and the interactions of human and wildlife activities. A key aspect of study has been the nature and causes of seasonal migrations among livestock and wildlife. Methods include sample aerial counts over an area of 8500 km2 of eastern Kajiado district encompassing the Amboseli ecosystem, total aerial counts of the dry season area, vegetation monitoring to track seasonal and long terms changes in habitat, species composition, standing biomass and complementary exclosure studies. The project also includes a number of subsidiary projects that look into key aspects of the ecosystem, including broad-scale changes in habitat, livestock wildlife interactions, livestock grazing strategies, herding and settlement decision-making, the ecology of pastoralism and the impact of drought. Data on long-term changes in migratory patterns and landuse are collated in GIS format. A large number of other subsidiary projects have been conducted over the years, including tourism use and impact, wetlands studies, bird censuses and the impact of sedentarization of pastoral communities on the ecosystem. ARCP was directly involved in the planning and establishment of Amboseli National Park based on detailed plans it submitted to the Kajiado County Council and government and its role in subsequent negotiations. ARCP has been involved in many aspects of conservation in Amboseli and the surrounding group ranches over the years. It was centrally involved in the original plans to establish a park, as well as the development plans for the park and revenue-sharing arrangements with the community and country council. ARCP was also a key player in establishing the Amboseli Tsavo Group Ranch Association and the Amboseli scouts association. It also established the first electric fences at Namelog to protect irrigated farms from wildlife depredation and was deeply involved in establishing similar fences at Kimana. More recently, in conjunction with AWF and ACC, ARCP helped convene a workshop on the future of the Amboseli ecosystem and establish a task force to oversee the planning work.

Principal(s) Dr. David Western, David Maitumo, Victor Mose, Edwin Sang, Daniel Macharia, Samantha Russell, Sunita Sarkar

Location Data is collected in Amboseli Basin and eastern Kajiado. Data is analysed at the ARCP offices in the African Conservation Centre, Nairobi.

Timing On-going since 1967.

Funding source(s) ARCP has been funded by many organizations over the years, including Ford Foundation, Leverhulm, Wildlife Conservation Society, Little Family Foundation, Nichols Foundation, National Geographic and Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: ARCP established the African Conservation Centre to train Kenyans in conservation techniques and applications and undertake conservation programs elsewhere in Kenya. ARCP presently uses ACC office space and works closely with ACC on Amboseli programs. Main Partners: The African Conservation Centre, Amboseli, Tsavo Group Ranch Association, Kenya Wildlife Service, Amboseli-Tsavo Game Scouts Association, Centre for Field Studies, Chyulu Hills Ungulate Research Project, African Wildlife Foundation, ILRI, Amboseli Elephant Research Project..

Contact Info Amboseli Research and Conservation Project P.O.Box 15289-00509 or 62844-00200 Nairobi. Tel/Fax: +254 20 891360 / 891751 acc@acc.or.ke [1]

Products More than 80 scientific publication, planning documents, articles and books (list available on request). \[Source: D. Western\]

[edit] Amboseli Trust for Elephants & the Amboseli Elephant Research Project

Mission/Objective The Amboseli Trust for Elephants aims to ensure the long-term conservation and welfare of Africa\'s elephants in the context of human needs and pressures through scientific research, training, community outreach and public awareness.

Description The Amboseli Trust for Elephants (ATE) is a Kenya and USA-based knowledge and awareness program aimed at promoting elephant conservation through long-term research projects, training, capacity building, community relations, public appreciation and advocacy. ATE\'s fieldwork is carried out under the auspices of the unique 34-year Amboseli Elephant Research Project (AERP). Since 1972, close observation by Cynthia Moss and the AERP research team has led to unparalleled, in-depth knowledge of these intelligent and complex animals, making the elephants of Amboseli the most celebrated wild elephants in the world and the centrepiece of attractiveness to the foreign and local tourists to Amboseli National Park at the core of the ecosystem. The revelations from Amboseli (as reported in more than 60 peer-reviewed papers, numerous books, articles, films and interviews) form the basis of present-day understanding of elephants, providing the primary tools needed to conserve and protect them in the wild and to define standards for humane treatment in captivity. ATE has three core programs clusters all of which are sustained by AERP\'s long-term field monitoring: Conservation & Population Studies (including ecological dynamics, demography, human-elephant conflicts, community engagement); Behaviour (genetics, communication, cognition, development, reproductive behaviour); and Welfare, Ethics & Advocacy for Wild and Captive Elephants. Major research areas include:

• Social organization, population dynamics, calf development, oestrous behaviour – C. Moss, 1972-ongoing.
• Distribution and ranging patterns using radio-tracking – H. Croze: 1972-74; I. Douglas-Hamilton: 1996-2000.
• Musth and male-male competition – J. Poole: 1976; 1978; 1980-81; 1984-90; 2000-ongoing.
• Vocal communication – J. Poole & P. Granli: 1984-90; Savannah Elephant Vocalisation Project (SEVP) 1999-ongoing.
• Elephant feeding ecology and habitat use – K. Lindsay: 1977-79; 1982-84.
• Calf development and maternal investment – P. Lee: 1982-84
• Elephant growth – P. Lee: 1991-ongoing.
• Female cooperation and competition – S. Andelman: 1985-87.
• Maasai/elephant relationships – K. Kangwana: 1990-91.
• Reproductive hormone analysis – H. Mutinda: 1991-92.
• Communication and social organization – K. McComb, L. Baker & S. Sayialel: 1993-2000.
• Social determinants of ranging – H. Mutinda: 1997-2001.
• Population genetics and genetic determinant of social behaviour – S. Alberts, E. Archie, J.Hollister-Smith, N. Njiraini & T. Morrision: 2000-2004.
• Development of AmboGIS – H. Croze, K. Lindsay: 2002-ongoing.
• Attitudes of Maasai to elephants, wildlife and conservation. – C. Nunez-Brown, 2004-05.
• Human-elephant conflict and mitigation – W. Kiiru, J. Kioko, P. Ganli: 2005-06.
• Elephant cognition – R. Byrne, L. Bates: 2005-ongoing.
• Young bull behaviour and crop-raiding – P. Chiyo, 2005-ongoing.

Principal(s) Cynthia Moss (with international and Kenyan scientists named above).
Current personnel: Harvey Croze, Joyce Poole, Norah Njiraini, Katito Sayialel and Soila Sayialel, assisted by Purity Waweru and others.

Location ATE/AERP has an Elephant Research Headquarters office and Elephant Research Camp based in Amboseli National Park, Kenya (S02.66860, E037.28156).
The camp has been in place in Ol Tukai Orok since 1974. Research has concentrated at the core of the elephants' range in Amboseli National Park; community outreach and ranging studies have covered the whole of the ca. 8,000 km² ecosystem, including south to the Kilimanjaro forests and southwest the Longido and West Kilimanjaro area in Tanzania. ATE also maintains a small administrative office in Nairobi.

Timing On-going since September 1972. Current funding cycle through F/Y 2005/2006.

Funding source(s) Funding entirely through donations from individuals, trusts and foundations. A small proportion (<10%) from agencies and NGOS supports time-specific projects, such as GIS development or HEC.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: None. ATE is a Trust established under the Trusts Act of Kenya. ATE-USA is a non-profit 501(c)3 organization.
Main Partners In Amboseli: KWS (Kenya Wildlife Services), African School for Field Studies, Amboseli-Tsavo Game Scouts Association, A-T Group Ranch Association among others. In general: AWF, ACC among others.

Contact Info
Amboseli Trust for Elephants
Langata Link \#22
PO Box 15135
Langata 00509
Nairobi, Kenya
tel/fax +254 (0)20 891191 (Nairobi)
+254 (0)456 88565 (Amboseli)

ATE-USA
Ms. Betsy Swart
10 State Street
Newburyport, MA 01950 USA
info@elephanttrust.org www.elephanttrust.org

Products More than seventy peer-reviewed scientific publications, plus numerous articles, popular books and films for TV (list available on request).

[Source: H. Croze]

[edit] The long-term neotaphonomic study of vertebrate remains in Amboseli National Park

Mission/Objective [in Amboseli Park, Kenya (including the bio- and geochemical processes involved in fossilization).]

Description A long term long-term neotaphonomic study of vertebrate remains in Amboseli Park, Kenya (including the bio- and geochemical processes involved in fossilization). Behrensmeyer\'s (1993) abstract: Taphonomic research in modern ecosystems provides insights on what we can expect to learn about paleoecology from fossils. A 15-year study of bone assemblages in Amboseli Park, Kenya, shows that such assemblages are sensitive recorders of population shifts in dominant herbivore species. Early weathering-stage samples representing 0 to 5 years of carcass accumulation show short-term changes in mammalian populations that track the increase in open grassland and decline in woodland habitats, and also the removal of domestic stock from the park. Bones on the ground surface of Amboseli are gradually destroyed or buried, and the buried subset provides an analogue for fossil assemblages preserved in ancient soils. \[NB: Joesph Mworia-Maitima (now at ILRI/LUCID and David Burney (Fordham University) took soil core samples in 1991. Burney (pers. comm.. to Behrensmeyer) reckons: "…with sufficiently robust equipment to deal with the clayey sediments and hardpans, one could get some interesting cores from the Amboseli basin for paleoecological analysis. I'm surprised to hear that someone hasn't done it already. For a fine-scale record of the late Holocene, which should be most interesting for its potential relevance to management-related questions…"]

Principal(s) Anna K. Behrensmeyer

Location Amboseli basin

Timing On-going since 1978

Funding source(s) Smithsonian Institution

Institutional Affiliations National Museums of Kenya, KWS, ATE

Contact Info
Anna K. Behrensmeyer
Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology
Department of Paleobiology
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
P.O. Box 37012 NHB MRC 121
Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
fax: 202-786-2832
behrensa@si.edu

Products Over two dozen peer-reviewed journal articles. [Source: [2]]

[edit] AWF – African Wildlife Foundation: Kilimanjaro Heartland

Mission/Objective The African Wildlife Foundation, together with the people of Africa, works to ensure the wildlife and wild lands of Africa will endure forever.

Description AWF recognizes the need to balance the conservation of Africa\'s landscapes and wildlife with the needs and aspirations of people. AWF also recognizes an essential ecological and economic reality: small, fragmented approaches to conservation will not succeed in conserving the wildlife landscapes so characteristic of Africa, nor will it yield sufficient economic returns to governments and their people. AWF therefore works in selected large landscapes, or \'Heartlands\'. Heartlands are large, cohesive landscapes, which are biologically important and have the scope to maintain healthy natural processes and populations of wild species well into the future. Each Heartland forms a sizable economic unit in which tourism and other natural-resource activities can contribute significantly to local livelihoods. Most Heartlands include a combination of protected areas, community lands, and private lands - often across national borders. In each landscape, AWF works with the broadest range of partners to improve conservation and natural resource management and to lessen threats to the overall resource base. AWF interventions usually fall into six categories:

• Land conservation
• Conservation Enterprises
• Capacity-building
• Support to protected areas
• Species applied research and protection
• Policy advocacy and facilitation

The Kilimanjaro Heartlands programme works with a spectrum of landowners across the landscape – both Kenya and Tanzania – focused on governance and land use planning-zoning promises long-term ecological connectivity over a wide area – of the order of 10-12 times the size of Amboseli National Park. The AWF presence in both Kenya and Tanzania has potential for support to trans-boundary efforts.

Principal(s) The AWF team in Kilimanjaro landscape is led by Paul Ntiati in the role of Heartland Coordinator. He coordinates AWF\'s program both on the Kenyan and Tanzanian sides. Paul is a native of the region and specialises in community-based conservation, building on some 15 years of experience with various NGOs. Further technical assistance is supplied by an enterprise officer and an ecologist on the Kenyan side, and a community officer and elephant research team on the Tanzanian side. In addition, the team is able to draw on support personnel from both the Nairobi and Arusha offices for a range of technical skills as required, including legal, socio-economic, NRM planning, enterprise, policy etc.

Location Office is located in Namanga, with additional support functions in Nairobi and Arusha.

Timing AWF has been present in the Kilimanjaro landscape for the past 40 years.

Funding source(s) Mainly multi-lateral and bi-lateral donors e.g. USAID, EU, Dutch Government plus foundations, individual donations etc.

Institutional Affiliation Parent Body – AWF is registered as a Local NGO in Kenya. AWF-USA is registered as a 501(c)3 not for profit organisation. Main Partners – as below for ATE

Contact Info PO Box 48177-00100 Nairobi PO Box 20, Namanga www.awf.org

Products

Quarterly AWF news-letters. Quarterly Kilimanjaro e-news updates. Various Working Papers.

\[Source: R. Hatfield\]

[edit] LUCID – Land Use Change, Impacts and Dynamics

Mission/Objective The main objective is to stimulate research on land use and global change in east Africa by bringing together experiences from different long term research sites to bear on common regional research themes associated with land degradation and conservation of biodiversity in the context of sustainable livelihoods.

Description LUCID is a network of scientists who have been studying land use change in a half-dozen East African study areas and the implications for land degradation, biodiversity, and climate change for nearly three decades. Each site has a working research team comprising of a site leader, scientists and students. The fieldwork aims to test and refine methods, and to provide scientific information on the linkages between land use change, and changes in biodiversity and land degradation. The work builds upon previously-gathered information as much as possible. The socio-economic component of the research is based on existing data, and on team members\' reflections of various methods that they have experienced. To ensure cross-site comparability of the linkages, ecological information in particular is being collected in a common framework in each site using surveys, group interviews, key-informant interview, transects and quadrants and GIS analysis. In the Kajiado study area, household surveys on land use practices were conducted in 1976, 1996, and 2001. These have been supplemented by field seminars, and community workshops to discuss the research findings and their interpretation, and to assess alternative strategies for dealing with issues of concern to the communities. Remote sensing and GIS are used to define the dynamics of land cover and land use change, particularly agriculture expansion from 1973 to 2000 in the area between Amboseli and Tsavo national parks. Comparison of land cover 1988 and 1998 in and around the Amboseli Park using ecological indices measured the impact of agricultural expansion on natural vegetation, and landscape structure and pattern. The analysis indicates increasing fragmentation, increasing patch diversity and decreasing complexity. Vegetation surveys and soil analyses were conducted along transects that cross the agro-ecological gradient from the mountain\'s forest edge to swamps in the lower dry land zone. Wildlife counts will provide information on the changing numbers and distribution of elephants and large herbivores. The results of these studies raise questions about the long-term viability of livelihood systems, crop agriculture and herding, of wildlife populations, and of the water and land resources upon which these land use systems depend. .

Principal(s) Dr. Joseph Maitima, Project Coordinator, Ecological; Dr. Jennifer Olson, Project Coordinator, Land Use and Socioeconomics; Dr. Robin Reid, ILRI; Prof. David Campbell, MSU

Location There are six research sites in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, including the northeastern slopes of Kilimanjaro and south eastern Kajiado District, comprising Olgulului, Kimana, Mbirikani, Kuku and Rombo GRs plus Elerai, Enterara and Loitokitok.

Timing Studies initiated by D. Campbell began in the late 1970s; the LUCID umbrella was formalised in 2000.

Funding source(s) ILRI, Michgan State University Department of Geography; UNEP/GEF

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the Department of Geography, Michigan State University. Main Partners:),, the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, the University of Bordeaux,.

Contact Info ILRI, Department of Geography P.O. Box 30709 Michigan State University Nairobi, Kenya East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA [j.maitima@cgiar.org-mailto:j.maitima@cgiar.org] Tel: 254-20-630743, ext. 4821 j.olson@cgiar.org Fax: 254-20-631499

Products Over 50 peer-reviewed articles and LUCID Working Papers.

\[Source: http://www.lucideastafrica.org \]

[edit] School for Field Studies

Mission/Objective The School for Field Studies (SFS), an international non-profit academic institution, provides environmental education and conducts research through its field-based programs. SFS is committed to providing:

• hands-on, interdisciplinary education, and
• environmental research in partnership with natural resource dependent communities.

Description The School for Field Studies (SFS) is one of the USA\'s oldest and largest undergraduate environmental study abroad programs. Through a network of field stations worldwide, SFS teaches students how to address critical environmental problems using an interdisciplinary, experiential approach to education. SFS takes our students out of the classroom and into communities around the world to explore and examine the interdependent cultural, economic and ecological aspects of real-world problems in Costa Rica, Turks and Caicos Islands, Mexico, Australia and Kenya. SFS has accreditation with Boston University In Kenya, the interdisciplinary approach and a combination of lectures, expeditions, field exercises and research, exposes students to techniques for wildlife management, wildlife ecology, environmental policy and socioeconomic values. Field expeditions enable 20-30 students per year to observe the pros and cons of various management scheme alternatives. Studies include behavioural and ecological observations of wildlife (including elephants in collaboration with AERP), human-wildlife conflict in Kuku and Kimana, role of human structures in contraction of wildlife dispersal areas in group ranches around Amboseli, vegetation dynamics, socio-economic aspects of wildlife enterprises on Maasai group ranches including feasibility of a wildlife sanctuary in Kuku Group Ranch.

Principal(s) In Kenya, Dr. Simon ole Sano, Principal; Dr. Moses Okello, Associate Professor of Wildlife Management.

Location Kenyan campus located north of Kimana west of Emali-Oloitokitok pipeline road, some 30km east of Amboseli. (Originally field work was centred on the Hopcraft ranch on the Athi-Kapiti plains south of Nairobi National Park

Timing On-going since 1983.

Funding source(s) 95% of operational funding comes from tuition fees; some income from sub-contracts for research support.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: School for Field Studies USA (with accreditation from Boston University). Main Partners (in Kenya): AERP, AWF, KES, Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary, etc. More than 50 affiliated universities and colleges in the USA

Contact Info The School for Field Studies, Centre for Wildlife Management Studies, P.O. Box 27743 – 00506, NAIROBI, KENYA

[3] Phone: 254-20-310229 (NPS) 254-45-622170 (Kilimanjaro Camp) 254-733-444001 (Kilimanjaro Camp) Mobile: 254-722-887257

The School for Field Studies 10 Federal St Salem, MA 01970 +1 978.741.3567

Products Students; reports.

[Source: [4] www.fieldstudies.org]

[edit] African Conservation Centre (ACC)

Mission/Objective "Saving African wildlife through sound science, local initiatives, and good governance." ([5] )

Description ACC is an indigenous African conservation initiative primary that aims to bring together the people and skills needed to build East Africa\'s capacity to conserve wildlife. Its conservation programs are based on a five-pronged approach:

• Define the minimum area needed to conserve biodiversity
• Identify threats to parks, ecosystems, key habitats and populations
• Assemble players to help local people turn wildlife into an asset
• Develop local skills and institutions for wildlife conservation
• Raise broad support for local conservation initiatives

ACC\'s work has focuses mainly in the Amboseli ecosystem, the Mara ecosystem and the Southern Rift Valley. In these areas, ACC has established wildlife associations, land trusts, wildlife sanctuaries, ecotourism lodges and community associations. In each of these areas ACC selects pilot conservation projects with a high chance of success and broad application. See summary of the Amboseli Research and Conservation Project (above).

Principal(s) David Western, Founder; James Ndungu, Director.

Location Based in Kenya

Timing Registered in Kenya in 1995.

Funding source(s) Many organizations, including the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg Foundation, Ford Foundation, European Union, Tourism Trust Fund (Kenya), African Conservation Fund, the National Geographic Society, etc. Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: (ACC grew out of a Wildlife Conservation Society programme). Main Partners: Amboseli, Tsavo Group Ranch Association, Kenya Wildlife Service, Amboseli-Tsavo Game Scouts Association, Centre for Field Studies, African Wildlife Foundation, ILRI, Amboseli Trust for Elephants.

Contact Info African Conservation Centre Fairacres Rd, Off Langata Road Opposite Hilcrest Prep. School, KAREN P O Box 15289-00509 Nairobi, KENYA Tel/Fax +254 20 891360 / 891751 [info@conservationafrica.org-mailto:info@conservationafrica.org] http://www.conservationafrica.org

Products Scientific papers, grey literature reports and, since October 2005 a newsletter, Conservation and Development. See also a nearly-working CBO (Community-Based Organisation) database search tool at [6].

\[Source: D. Western and [7] http://www.conservationafrica.org \]

[edit] Research Programme on Sustainable Use of Dryland Biodiversity

Mission/Objective To promote participatory research and development of sustainable management of dryland biodiversity.

Description The Research Programme on Sustainable Use of Dryland Biodiversity (RPSUD, sic) is implemented by a three-country consortium: Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. The programme recognises that the key to dryland resources management lies in a clear understanding of the bio-ecological resilience of its resource bases and employing management strategies that optimize production and resource use in consistence with prevailing episodic changes of prevalent booms and bursts. Over the past few years, several projects, typically supported at USD 15,000 each, have projects have been located in Kajiado District: 1997: An assessment and monitoring of wetland resources in Arid and semi-arid areas. (N. N. Gichuki, H.A. Oyieke and G. G Ndiritu) Assessment of wetlands for water and biodiversity conservation was carried out in Kajiado District. Wetlands cover 2.5% of the District in three basins: River Athi, River Ewaso Ngiro (South) and the Rift Valley. The wetlands in the Rift Valley are important for bird conservation, salt licks and mining of soda ash. The wetlands associated with River Ewaso Ngiro (South) and River Athi basins support wildlife (large game), livestock, water supply and subsistence agriculture, especially in Ngong, Loitokitok and Nguruman areas. The wetlands supply water for livestock industry, agriculture, horticulture and people. Despite their small sizes, wetlands are valuable areas, which support the livelihoods of nearly 200,000 people in the District. 1998: Investigation of an indigenous knowledge system underlying the management and use of tree fodder resources in Kajiado District (Daniel Kisangau Patrick) nvestigations of an indigenous knowledge systems underlying the management and use of tree fodder resources in Kajiado. (Evelyne C. Kiptot) 2002-03: Utilisation of Plant Biodiversity in Kajiado (Humphery M. Ngibuini)

Principal(s) (see names above)

Timing 1997-ongoing

Funding source(s) SIDA (Swedish International Development Agency) /SAREC and the national programmes of the four institutions.

Institutional Affiliation Parent Body: The National Museums of Kenya (NMK) is the lead institution and also hosts the secretariat. Main Partners: University of Dar es Salaam; Addis Ababa University; The Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research, Ethiopia; Uppsala University

Contact Info RPSUD Secretariat National Museums of Kenya P. O. Box 40658, 00100 GPO TEL/FAX: 254-20-3751319 Nairobi – Kenya [info@rpsud.org-mailto:info@rpsud.org] [www.rpsud.org-http://www.rpsud.org/]

Products Gichuki, N. and Oyieke, H. 2000 (in Press). Community participation in wetlands assessment and conservation: Lessons learned in Kajiado district, Kenya Macharia J., Ndiritu G. G. and Gichuki, N. N. 2000 (In Press). Traditional Mechanisms of Conserving Wetlands and their Conflicts with those of modern institutions: A case study of Maasai Community of Kajiado District Kenya In: Regional workshop on Sustainable Management of Biodiversity in the third millennium and Beyond, Arusha, Tanzania Gichuki, N. N., H. A. Oyieke and Ndiritu, G. G. 2001. Assessment and monitoring of wetlands for conservation and development in dry lands: A case of study Kajiado District, Kenya. In: Finlayson, C.M., Davidson N.C., and Stevenson, N.J. (eds). Wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring: Practical techniques and identification of major issues. Supervising Scientist Report 161, Darwin, Australia.

\[Source: [8]\]

[edit] BEADS – Beads for Education, Advancement, Development and Success

Mission/Objective To enhance the status of women in the community and to promote environmental awareness with a goal of preserving natural resources.

Description The Beads for Education, Advancement, Development and Success (BEADS) programme provides school scholarships for African girls, promote business development for African women and support conservation through education. Since 1998 BEADS has provided full scholarships for Kenyan girls to attend school and now sponsors more than 200 girl in Isinya and Amboseli. For example, the Amboseli Wildlife Sponsorship Region began in January 2003. Linking with the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), the region is supervised by Paul Ntiati, AWF\'s Heartland Coordinator. These girls are selected on the basis of their ability to attain university degrees and become community role models and leaders. TheDupoto Women\'s Group is a BEADS project comprising 25 women who produce high quality beaded products that marketed by volunteers in the United States. All of the profit is returned to the women\'s collective. This is their primary source of income and these women support nearly 200 children. Due to their success, the Dupoto Women's Group has received funding from USAID and has been selected as a role model for other women's groups in Kenya. BEADS also cultivates Human Rights Awareness and sponsored its first girls\' initiation ceremony August of 2006, and helps women to become economically independent through small business cooperatives. The programme also sponsors HIV/AIDS awareness workshops. The second annual 100 miles BEADS for Education Break the Chains of Illiteracy Walkathon will take place in January, 2007. Walkers will walk from Isinya to Amboseli National Park.

Principal(s) Debbie Rooney and Lisa Stevens, Founders

Location Southern Kajiado District, Kenya.

Timing On-going, since 1998.

Funding source(s) Donors, private and public, including USAID

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: BEADS for Education, Inc is a USA-based 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. Main Partners: AWF, Chaco Walking Shoes, Serena Hotels, Concorde Car Hire.

Contact Info Beads for Education, Advancement, Development and Success 5501 Ventnor Ave. Ventnor, NJ 08406, USA +1-609-823-7701 beads4education@aol.com asil_notrub@hotmail.com

Products Handmade designer products in the Maasai style, including, Maasai necklaces, wall hangings, Deco purses, key chains, coasters, bowls, purses, nested baskets, dog collars. Some 200 sponsored girls receiving basic education.

[Source: http://www.beadsforeducation.org/

[edit] Namelok Community Development Association

Mission/Objective

• Promotion of education in general and encouraging young people to take up higher education as a priority in their life
• Sensitization of the community about the importance of girl child education
• Advocacy on primary health care and HIV/AIDS
• Conservation of the natural environment through reforestation programs, protection of water catchments areas
• Social welfare i.e. helping members in marriages and fundraising for higher education

Description Namelok Community Development Association (NACDA) is a community based organization formed that currently has a membership of about thirtysix with high school level of education and above. NACDA is registered as a Community Based Organization (CBO) with the Department of Social services and at the Kenya National Beekeepers Association. The geographical mandate of the Association spans three of the seven group ranches within the Amboseli ecosystem i.e. Kimana, Imbirikani and Olgulului/Ololarrashi group ranches. The association depends mainly on membership contribution, fundraising among members and donor funding to finance their operations. The main activities to date comprise a community-run apiculture project begun in 2000 with an initial 200 hives donated by USAID/CORE. The hives turned out to be substandard. In 2003 AWF provided 100 hives (modern Langstroth hives) brought from African Beekeepers Limited. 98% of the hives were in production during the 2006 season. The association intends to seek permission from the Namelok residents to manage the Namelok electric Fence

Principal(s) Wilson Sirinketi Olmusheni, Chairman

Location On three acres set aside within the fenced Namalok high-intensity irrigation zone.

Timing Founded 1998.

Funding source(s) The apiculture project is currently the main source of funding.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: NACDA. Main Partners: GoK- KWS, Min of Health, department of Social service, Min. of Education, Constituency Dev. Fund, AWF,ATE, USAIDCORE.

Contact Info Box 165, Loitokitok Tel. +254 (0)724 644 595

Products

• Most of the members have been through or undergoing college education with most of the girls who where married off back to school
• Successfully participated in the Civic education provision on the run up to the last national Referendum
• Promotion of the beekeeping activities and tree planting activities in the area
• Distribution of litterbins within Namelok town- more needs to be done
• Nearly 100 kg of honey for sale from the 2006 harvest.

[Source: D. Sitonik ]

[edit] Maasai Settlement and Land-use, Landscape Mosaics, and the Spatial Patterning of Vegetation and Wildlife in East African Savannas

Mission/Objective Three objectives: (1) to assess how fragmentation in the form of subdivision and sedentarization has affected the spatial and temporal patterning of Maasai settlements in the Group Ranches north of Amboseli NP; (2) to quantify the effects of settlements on local vegetation in order to understand the larger scale impacts of settlement change on vegetation heterogeneity at the landscape scale; (3) to assess the impacts of fragmentation on wildlife and livestock distributions in both the Group Ranches and the swamps of Amboseli

Description Rangeland fragmentation through sedentarization, subdivision and the loss of key resources is rapidly emerging as a primary threat to the sustainability of livestock and wildlife populations in East African savannas. This is particularly true of the key wildlife dispersal areas of Amboseli National Park, where decades of water development and reductions in the scale of pastoral resource use has dramatically altered settlement and land-use patterns. The loss of flexibility associated with changes in the spatial and temporal pattern of settlement has increased the vulnerability of both wild and domestic herbivore populations to climatic variability and fundamentally altered the role of pastoral systems in the creation and maintenance of heterogeneity in savanna ecosystems. This project was designed to quantify the effects of subdivision and sedentarization on pastoral settlement patterns, livestock mobility and wildlife distributions in an effort to enhance our understanding of the role of pastoralists and their livestock in structuring savanna environments with the goal of informing conservation and management initiatives.

Principal(s) Jeffrey S Worden

Location The Greater Amboseli Ecosystem, with a special emphasis Amboseli National Park and Olgulului/Lolarashi, Eselenkei, and Osilalei Group Ranches

Timing Field work was conducted from 1999 to 2002. Work currently in final stages of analysis and writing

Funding source(s)

• USAID CRSP Program through Colorado State University
• National Science Foundation – Dissertation Enhancement Award
• LUCID Project – GEF funds through Michigan State University and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
• Reto-o-Reto Project – Belgian Government funds through ILRI

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute Main Partners: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University.

Contact Info Jeffrey S. Worden International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, Kenya 00100 Tel: 254-20-4223000 ext 4367 Fax: 254-20-4223001 Mobile: +254-733-333856 [j.worden@cgiar.org-mailto:j.worden@cgiar.org]

Products Worden, J.S. (In prep). Maasai Settlement, Landscape Mosaics, and the Spatial Patterning of Vegetation and Wildlife in East African Savannas. PhD Dissertation, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University (to be completed in July 2006).

Sankaran, M., Hanan, N.P., Scholes, R.J., Ratnam1, J., Augustine, D. J., Cade, B.S. Gignoux, J., Higgins, S. I., Le Roux, X., Ludwig, F., Ardo, J., Banyikwa, F., Bronn, A., Bucini, G., Caylor, K.K., Coughenour, M.B. Diouf, A., Ekaya, W., Feral, C.J., February, E.C. Frost, P.G.H., Hiernaux, P., Hrabar, H., Metzger, K.L., Prins, H.T.T., Susan Ringrose, S., Sea, W., Tews, J., Worden, J., and N. Zambatis (2005) Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 438:846-849.

BurnSilver, S.B., Worden, J.S., and R.B. Boone (In press) Processes of fragmentation in the Amboseli Ecosystem. Fragmentation in Semi-arid and Arid Landscapes: Consequences for Human and Natural Systems (Galvin, K.A., Reid, R.S., Behnke, R.H. and N.T. Hobbs, eds) Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands. Chapter 10.

Boone, R.B., S.B. BurnSilver, J.S. Worden, K.A. Galvin, and N.T. Hobbs. (In press). Large-scale movements of large herbivores: Livestock following changes in seasonal forage supply. Resource ecology: Spatial and temporal dynamics of foraging (H.H.T. Prins and F. van Langevelde, eds.).Wageningen University Resource Ecology Group and Frontis. Chapter 11.

Worden, J.S., R. S. Reid and H. Gichohi, (2003) Land-use impacts on large wildlife and livestock in the swamps of the greater Amboseli Ecosystem, Kajiado District, Kenya. LUCID working paper series number 27.

Rainy M.E. and J. S. Worden (2003) A preliminary report on a survey of predators in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. Unpublished report for African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.

\[Source: J.S. Worden\]

[edit] Cheetah Conservation and Human Impact in Kenya

Mission/Objective To evaluate the trends in cheetah populations in Kenya and develop programmes to reduce the impact of human conflict issues affecting the survival of the cheetah.

Description The Kenya Cheetah Conservation Project is an umbrella programme of the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) Namibia using the successes in Namibia as models for developing research, education and community programmes. Census and cheetah monitoring activities aim to evaluate the changes in cheetah numbers while understanding the issues facing cheetah survival in Kenya. Previous research in Kenya was focused in protected areas and game parks, yet it is estimated that as many as 90% of cheetah live on farmlands outside of protected parks and sanctuaries. Although viewed as a minimal threat to Kenyan livelihoods, predator conflict of any kind threatens livelihoods and produces negative tolerance for predators. The cheetah is an example of a species under threat through conflict with man. Reported cheetah sightings have decreased making it important to learn the reality and reason(s) for the apparent drop in numbers. The Cheetah Conservation Fund Kenya (CCFK) project is a satellite project under CCF Namibia. CCFK works within the communities and in affiliation with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) to develop initiatives aimed at reducing predator conflict. Together with KWS and in collaboration with other research and Non-Governmental Organizations we initiated a nation-wide census in 2004. This census provides information for long-term ecological and biomedical monitoring as well as information for use in policy development for predator management in mixed game and livestock regions. Policies for dealing with problem and orphan cheetah also rely on the collection of baseline information of habitat available for cheetah conservation initiatives. This project conducts a nation-wide census of cheetah populations in Kenya using methods tested in 2005. As a part of the census study, specific ecological data is collected for habitat analysis. Information collected through census and monitoring programs aim to evaluate trends in cheetah population and includes analysis of issues of human/wildlife conflict. With this information a scientific approach can be taken in development of long-term study requirements and sites for the future survival of cheetahs in a healthy ecosystem. The information will be included in the overall database for the development of educational materials used in environmental education and awareness campaigns. The proposed aspects of the study work in conjunction with each other to form a long-term study of Cheetah Conservation and Human Impact in Kenya. The three programs are: Cheetah Census with EAWLS and KWS; education and awareness campaigns; and telemetry and community development in Machakos and GPS to mobile phone tracking of ranch and park dispersal cheetahs.

Principal(s) Mary Wykstra-Ross (Kenya Programme Coordinator), Laurie Marker, PHD (CCF Founder and Namibia based advisor), Cosmas Wambua (Kenya Research Assistant).

Location CCFK operates from a base in Nairobi while conducting census activities. A case study of suspected problem cheetahs has been initiated in the Machakos Wildlife Forum near Salama.

Timing CCFK initiated studies in December 2001. Current research permits are secure through October 2007.

Funding source(s) Funding is channeled through the CCF international headquarters in the USA. Small grants and private donations supplement the CCF dedicated funding for the project. CCF also receives support from UK, Canada and Japan \'chapters\'.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Cheetah Conservation Fund - Namibia Trust, a USA 501c(3) non-profit organization. Main Partners: Kenya Wildlife Service, East African Wildlife Society, Machakos Wildlife Forum.

Contact Info Cheetah Conservation Fund - Kenya PO Box 1611 Nairobi 00606 254 (0)733997910 or (0)721631664 cheetah@africaonline.co.ke

Products Cheetah Conservation Fund Newsletter (out of Namibia) \[Source: Mary Wykstra-Ross\]

[edit] [Longido Elephant Research Project]

Mission/Objective xxxx

Description [A graduate research programme based on following individually-known (some radio-collared) elephants in order to of which I tagged in order to identify corridors, habitats use and general ranging pattern for the Amboseli elephants occupying the Tanzanian portion of the ecosystem.]

Principal(s) Alfred Kikoti

Location Longido Game Control Area, West Kilimanjaro Ranch, Natron Game Control Areas: the southwestern portion of Amboseli ecosystem in Tanzania

Timing On-going since 2001

Funding source(s) University of Massachusetts; AWF (Charlotte Fellow Graduate Study Program)

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: University of Massachusetts Main Partners: Tanzanian Game Authority, TANAPA, AWF

Contact Info Alfred Kikoti
University of Massachusetts
Dept. of Natural Resources Conservation
160 Holdsworth Hall
Amherst, MA 01003, USA
(413) 546-5919 Cell: 413 687 2629
Email: akikoti@forwild.umass.edu

Products xxx

[Source: extractions from email correspondence ]

[edit] People-Wildlife Relationship in the Amboseli Ecosystem

Mission/Objective The research aims to (1) characterise the different types of attitudes towards wildlife across a range of land tenure/use situations, in two different Maasai sections, with differential access to tourism and community-based conservation economic benefits; and (2) identify the cultural, socioeconomic and demographic factors that explain the different types of attitudes towards the local wild fauna.

Description [Field study based on interviews within sample frame.]

Principal(s) Joana Roque de Pinho (Ph.D. Candidate, Colorado State University)

Location Research conducted in two swamps in Mbirikani Group Ranch (Namelok and Kalesirua), in Meshenani Ridge (Olgulului-Lolarrash GR) and in privates ranches of former Osilalei Group ranch (Matapato section).

Timing Fieldwork took place between April 2002 and July 2004. Thesis currently being written up.

Funding source(s) The Fulbright Foundation - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PRAXIS XXI Research Grant, Ministério da - Ciência e da Tecnologia, Portugal) - USAID - Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program - The Jim Ellis Graduate Mentorship Award (GL-CRSP) - The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: The Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Main Partners: ILRI.

Contact Info Joana Roque de Pinho
Av. Alvares Cabral, 28, 50 dto
1250 Lisbon
Portugal
joana_rpinho@yahoo.com

Products Galvin, K. A., P. K. Thornton, J. Roque de Pinho, J. Sunderland, and R. B. Boone. 2005. Integrated Modelling and its Potential for Resolving Conflicts between Conservation and People in the Rangelands of East Africa. Accepted for publication in Human Ecology
Roque dePinho, J. In progress. "Staying Together: People-Wildlife Relationship in the Amboseli Ecosystem, south eastern Kenya. Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University
Roque de Pinho, J. 2004. African Pastoralists: Interactions and Perceptions – An Annotated Bibliography. Pastoral Livelihoods and Wildlife Conservation Project, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi
Roque de Pinho, J. 2004. "Staying together": People-Wildlife Relationship in the Amboseli Ecosystem, South Eastern Kenya. Research Brief for the Global Livestock-Collaborative Research Support Program (USAID)
Roque de Pinho, J. 2004. "Staying together": People-Wildlife Relationship in the Amboseli Ecosystem, South Eastern Kenya. Interim Report to Global Livestock-CRSP (USAID). 17 pp
Roque de Pinho, J. (in prep) "Rhino Eaters": contrasting and changing perceptions of wild animal meat as food in two Maasai section of south eastern Kenya and implications for conservation
Roque de Pinho, J. (in prep) "Pleasing the Eye": Maasai aesthetic and perceptions of wildlife in the Amboseli Ecosystem, south eastern Kenya.

[Source: Joana Roque de Pinho, Jan '06]

[edit] Amboseli Carnivore Monitoring Project

Mission/Objective To monitor the carnivores, particularly lions and spotted hyenas in Amboseli National Park, to assess the relationships between these carnivores, and to implement basic ecological monitoring relevant to the carnivore populations.

Description The Amboseli Carnivore Monitoring project was initiated in order to address issues germane to carnivore biology and conservation. The project goals are to: 1. Undertake detailed monitoring of lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Amboseli. General records of other large carnivores (e.g. cheetah and African wild dog) are also maintained. 2. Monitor and quantify interspecific competition between lions and hyenas, and thereby attempt to determine the extent to which each of these species affects the behavior, reproduction, stress physiology, and demography of the other. 3. Implement a program of basic ecological monitoring relevant to the carnivore populations, including records of prey density and biodiversity, tourist visitation to carnivores, and climate variables such as rainfall and temperature. 4. Work collaboratively with Kenya Wildlife Service and other researchers in Amboseli in order to ensure that our project yields data useful to all stakeholders.

Principal(s) Dr. Kay Holekamp and Heather Watts, Michigan State University.

Location The project was based from a camp at the Public Campsite. Carnivore monitoring focused within the park boundaries, particularly in the central area of the park.

Timing July 2003 to July 2005. Currently funds are being sought to re-start the project.

Funding source(s) National Science Foundation, USA

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Michigan State University Main Partners: Kenya Wildlife Service.

Contact Info Dr. Kay Holekamp Dept of Zoology Michigan State University 203 Natural Science East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA [holekamp@msu.edu-mailto:holekamp@msu.edu]

Products Semi-annual reports were provided to Kenya Wildlife Service. A film was made for National Geographic Television by The Kratt Brothers Inc. We are currently preparing manuscripts for publication in scientific journals

[Source: Kay Holekamp]

[edit] Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme

Mission/Objective To ensure the survival of rhinoceros in the wild, in this case, the remnant population in the Chyulu Hills.

Description Save the Rhino International (SRI) supports projects world-wide that address rhino conservation through:

• Community conservation programmes that develop sustainable methods by which local communities can creatively manage natural resources;
• Environmental education programmes that teach children and adults about the importance of preserving natural resources and reducing human-wildlife conflict;
• Anti-poaching and monitoring patrols to detect and deter poachers and gather information about rhino ranges and numbers;
• Translocations to reintroduce rhinos from established populations into former habitats;
• Research into survival threats to rhino and alternatives to the use of rhino horn;
• Vet work, such as the implanting of transmitters into horns, or removal of snares.

Richard Bonham of the Masailand Preservation Trust approached SRI in 2003 for urgent support to assist Ol Donyo Wuas\' attempts to conserve the remnant population of black rhinos in the lava thicket foothills of the Chyulus. Forming a funding coalition with Chester Zoo, the International Rhino Foundation, US Fish and Wildlife Service and other donor agencies, SRI has facilitated the awarding of some £40,000 per year since then, paying for the purchase of a Landrover, water bowser and fuel and maintenance costs, salaries of the Mbirikani community scouts, camping and rhino monitoring equipment and improved radio communications between the KWS rangers at Kitia and Mbikirani base camp. With training provided by Lewa Downs Conservancy, and plans for enhanced GIS mapping and dung DNA analysis during 2006-7, the Chyulu Hills rhino population is looking much more secure:

• Rangers and scouts now are observing more regularly rhinos;
• Patrols are able to stay out overnight rather than having to return to camp
• The rangers and scouts are better able to conduct their anti-poaching patrols

Principal(s) David Stirling and Cathy Dean of Save the Rhino International, Richard Bonham (Ol Donyo Wuas/ Masailand Preservation Trust), Martin Mulama and Ben Okita (Kenya Wildlife Service).

Location Eastern Mbirikani Group Ranch.

Timing On-going since 2003.

Funding source(s) Save the Rhino International, the Chester Zoo, International Rhino Foundation, US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Save the Rhino International Main Partners: Ol Donyo Wuas / Maasailand Preservation Trust, KWS, Lewa Downs Conservancy (secondment of rangers for training).

Contact Info Save the Rhino International
16 Winchester Walk
London SE1 9AQ United Kingdom
T: +44 (0)20 7357 7474
F: +44 (0)20 7357 9666
E: info@savetherhino.org
www.savetherhino.org

Products A well-trained and equipped force of local rangers.

\[Source: www.savetherhino.org; Cathy Dean\]

[edit] Spatial-temporal distribution of elephants and their interaction with humans in the Kimana/Kuku wildlife dispersal area of Tsavo and Amboseli National Parks

Mission/Objective xxxx

Description xxxx

Principal(s) John Kioko Masila

Location Oloitokitok region of Amboseli ecosystem

Timing On-going since 2003

Funding source(s) University of Massachusetts; AWF (Charlotte Fellow Graduate Study Program)

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: x.. Main Partners: xxx.

Contact Info xxx

Products xxx

[Source: ]

[edit] Kilimanjaro Lion Conservation Project

Mission/Objective The Kilimanjaro Lion Conservation Project is working to restore, conserve and manage viable populations of large carnivores by developing management techniques that foster coexistence of people, livestock and predators in areas bordering parks and other regions without formal protection.

Description Large predators have been eliminated from most of the world because they prey on livestock. Only in the last few years has the public become aware that populations of African lions have plummeted while no one was watching. Recent continent-wide estimates suggest that roughly 23,000 lions remain, that most of these are in national parks, and that fully half are in one country, Tanzania. Few parks are large enough to ensure long term survival of these wide ranging species, and because conflict with livestock is by far the most serious threat to large carnivores, it is critical that we find methods to integrate predator conservation with realistic livestock management. There has been extraordinarily little prior research on livestock depredation, the one factor overwhelmingly responsible for the extermination of large predators. This is one of the few integrated investigations into the ecology, management and conservation of large predators in human-dominated African landscapes. The project is planning to undertake a Maasailand Predator Survey throughout southern Kenya. Sand and dirt roads will be driven slowly with a person on the front of the vehicle looking for large carnivore tracks. The number of tracks found for each species is expressed in relation to the total length of road (transect) driven. This will give an index of the relative density of carnivores in different regions.

Principal(s) Laurence Frank (project director)
Seamus Maclennan (lion biology and lion-livestock interface study)
Shari Rodriguez (Mbirikani Predator Compensation Project evaluation)
Ogeto Mwebi (investigation of herding strategies / methods of Mbirikani and Laikipia communities with reference to predation of stray animals)
Leela Hazzah (Mapping vulnerability, tolerance and risk factors of Maasai communities surrounding Chyulu Hills National Park, with reference to livestock depredation)

Location The primary study area is Mbirikani Group ranch, between Chyulu and Amboseli National Parks. Principal investigators mentioned above work out of a base camp near Ol Donyo Wuas lodge.

Timing KLCP was established in March 2004. It is likely to run for at least another 2 years. The intention is to shut down the project after appropriate carnivore management and monitoring solutions have been formed.

Funding source(s) Entirely through individual donors, trusts and non-profit organisations, including: the National Geographic Society, the Wildlife Conservation society, the Bosack-Kruger foundation, private individuals and AWF.

Institutional Affiliation Parent Body: Wildlife Conservation Society
Main Partners: Mbirikani Predator Compensation Project, Amboseli-Tsavo game scout association, WCS international, AWF, African School for field studies, Ol Donyo Wuas Lodge.

Contact Info Kilimanjaro Lion Conservation Project
PO Box 24133
Karen, 00502, Nair
obi mobile: 0720857062
email: seamus@lion-research.org

Products Article: No longer king of the jungle, Claire Footit, Times Online, 19 February 2005
Report: (unpublished) annual reports 2004 and 2005 ; Laikipia Predator Project and Kilimanjaro Lion Conservation Project
Presentation: "The King is Dying" (a description of the evolution and necessity of Predator compensation). Audience: Explorer\'s Club international, 2005; conservation International, 2005.

\[Source: S. Maclennan]

[edit] Maasailand Ecological Research

Mission/Objective

Description The work is divided into several phases. The first phase which is now complete was to undertake a detailed ecological assessment of two Group Ranches, Merueshi and Mbirikani, including the abundance and distribution of people, livestock and wildlife, a survey of the vegetation (including grass) and soil characteristics, surface water monitoring and an analysis of human movement patterns. The second phase will look at the impact of different settlement types on the environment and wildlife to assess the ecological impact of sedentarisation of previously nomadic people. This will commence in January 2006 and run for 6-8 months. The third phase, which will overlap in timing with phase 2, will be to construct an ecological economic model to assess the costs and benefits from wildlife, livestock and agriculture under different land use options. An economic balance sheet will be produced for three scenarios – continuing as a communal ranch, subdividing the entire ranch into equal sized plots, or subdividing part of the ranch whilst leaving a communal concession area. The fourth phase will ideally be to implement the findings of the study into the greater picture, and have the results used during the planning stages of the new land use policies.

Principal(s) Rosemary Groom

Location Two Kajiado District Group Ranches, Merueshi and Mbirikani.

Timing The project commenced in August 2004 and fieldwork will continue until mid-late 2006

Funding source(s) University of Bristol, UK

Institutional Affiliation Parent Body: University of Bristol, UK
Main Partners: The project works with ACC, KWS, MPT, the Group Ranch Committees and any land-use planning groups.

Contact Info Rosemary Groom [9]>

Products

[Source: R. Groom]

[edit] Kajiado Wild Dog Research

Mission/Objective xxxx

Description xxxx

Principal(s) Dr. Mike Rainey

Location Elangata Wuas & Meto Hills (northwest corner of Amboseli ecosystem)

Timing xxx

Funding source(s) xxx

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: xxx. Main Partners: AWF.

Contact Info xxx

Products xxx

[Source: ]

[edit] Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflict in the Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya

Mission/Objective To limit escalating human-elephant conflict in the Amboseli ecosystem and to promote harmonious co-existence.

Description The HEC project was initiated by the Amboseli Trust for Elephants/Amboseli Elephant Research Project (ATE/AERP). The project strategy comprises investigating ways to encourage elephants away from agricultural areas, stimulating appropriate land use, understanding patterns of crop-raiding elephants, developing conflict mitigation tools and methods and empowering communities to use their own resources to manage human-elephant conflict. In the first phase of the project efforts have been dedicated at mobilizing the community, developing and introducing deterrents to the field and seeking wider collaboration with the stakeholders working in the Amboseli ecosystem. In a series of public meetings, the project team presented the project goals and scope to organizations, local community groups and other stakeholders, all of whom have shown enthusiastic support for the project. The creation of local ownership of elephant mitigation efforts is a major achievement. Introduction and pilot testing of deterrents (chilli and oil tainted perimeter lines, noise-makers, lights) have already reduced the number of HEC incidents as well as reduced the pressure on (and costs to) the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) for more drastic intervention.

Principal(s) Winnie Kiiru (through February 2006); John Kioko

Location Southeastern ecosystem on parts of Kimana and Olgulului/ Ololarrashi Group Ranches

Timing Originally 36 mo from August 2004, but funding for the third year had not been secured.

Funding source(s) US Fish and Wildlife/AECF, the Born Free Foundation and the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: AERP/SEVP. Main Partners: School for Field Studies, KWS, ACC, AWF.

Contact Info Winnie Kiiru c/o Amboseli Trust for Elephants PO Box 15135 Langata 00509 Nairobi, Kenya

info@elephantrust.org winniekiiru@yahoo.co.uk

Products Practical, appropriate HEC solutions in place; research theses (in prep.)

[Source: [htpp://www.elephanttrust.org Amboseli Elephant Research Project]]

[edit] South Rift Association of Land owners (SORALO)

Mission/Objective "…to spearhead the opening up of the southern tourism circuit and also promote the creation of conservation areas in the face of on-going sub-division of group ranches." ([10])

Description The South Rift Association of Land Owners (SORALO) is a society comprised of of landowners from 14 group ranches between Namanga and and the Loita. SOROLO aspires to enhance wildlife conservation and management in the six group ranches of southern Kajiado through:

• Improved security for tourists and wildlife
• Reduced poaching, deforestation, wildfires and charcoal burning
• Improved management of the environment and the natural resources
• Reduced incidents of human/wildlife conflicts

Principal(s) xxx

Location Nominally spans the south rift from the Loita to Namanga, and hence the far western portion of the Amboseli ecosystem.

Timing Launched in September 2005

Funding source(s) EU has provided start-up funding.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: n/a. Main Partners: ACC, EU.

Contact Info xxx

Products n/a

[Source: [11]]

[edit] Wings for Africa

Mission/Objective

To understand (\'l\'étude diagnostique\') the interactions existing between animal migration routes, human settlements and vegetation cover.

Description Wings for the Earth (WFE) began in Kenya in 1999 originally as the Maisha Trust. It is an apolitical and non-denominational environmental NGO supporting projects and "working for the harmony between the people and their environment". Its methods involve aerial survey complemented by a team-ground working on education and environmental sensitisation to leverage development in the social, economic and cultural life of the country. Presently in Kenya, WFE has a scientific, socio-economic, educational and cultural approach within the total strategy of the fight against poverty in the service of the natural patrimony of humanity ("Spécifiquement présente au Kenya , des Ailes pour la Terre a une démarche scientifique, socio-économique, éducative et culturelle qui s\'inscrit dans la stratégie globale de lutte contre la pauvreté au service du Patrimoine naturel de l\'humanité"). WFE\'s Human Conflict Elephant (\'Ngaissi\') component aims to protect the Amboseli elephant migration corridor by involving local communities in the management of the project with the aim to stopping the man-elephant conflict ("Protection du corridor de migration des éléphants d\'Amboseli en impliquant les communautés locales dans la gestion du projet dans le but d\'enrayer le conflit hommes-éléphants."). Environmental information exchange through teaching workshops on biodiversity and hygiene for the Maasai community are key to this component.

Principal(s) Alexis Peltier, a professional bush pilot and photographer who has resided in Kenya for more than twenty years; Anne Wattebled; Pierre Lavagna.

Location Eastern Amboseli ecosystem at Amboseli Sopa Lodge

Timing Ongoing since 1999.

Funding source(s) Private donor.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: WFE. Main Partners: (as listed in the website) Diocèse de Monaco, Fondation 30 Millions d\'Amis, Fondation Massimo Gaïa, Zonta Club de Monaco, University of Colorado, Kenya Wildlife Service, African Wildlife Foundation

Contact Info

Wings for Earth - des Ailes pour la Terre Monaco 8, Avenue des Papalins Galerie Princesse Stéphanie 98000 MONACO

Wings for Earth - des Ailes pour la Terre France Villa Savana Lodge - Chemin de la Chapelle 2426 Avenue de Lattre de Tassigny- Saint Laurent d\'Eze, 06360 Eze France

Wings for Earth Kenya - Maisha Trust Maisha Trust PO BOX 34304 Nairobi KENYA

Products Photographs. (Documentation section of website under construction.)

\[Source: http://www.wingsforearth.org/ & http://www.alexis-peltier.com]

[edit] Amboseli Community Wildlife Tourism Project

Mission/Objective

• To reduce the poverty of the rural Maasai population
• To secure the biodiversity of the Amboseli ecosystem
• To engender sustainable conservation amongst the Maasai community landowners
• To reduce the reliance on livestock by generating income from wildlife
• To increase direct benefits for the community from wildlife tourism

Description The Amboseli Community Wildlife Tourism Project (ACWTP) is run by local people from an office in Loitokitok, Kenya. It is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) with an administrator and a board of directors. External expertise is provided by a technical adviser. ACWTP is committed to saving the Amboseli ecosystem by encouraging the Maasai landowners to use the wildlife they have on their doorstep as a resource. to bring an additional income through wildlife tourism, either directly or though generation of employment. At the same time ACWTP demonstrates that more wildlife on GR land will actually improve the grazing and thereby the value of livestock. Wildlife tourism is the one viable enterprise that, if managed correctly:

• is sustainable throughout the whole area
• will help to return the arid land to productivity
• will bring a much-needed second income to the landowners

ACWTP facilitates the setting aside of such areas for wildlife tourism. Already it has helped a number of landowners to mark out viable areas and has introduced them to reputable tour companies who are renting the areas, paying bed-night fees, and employing the local people, and introduce a \'land-holding rental\' scheme. It is planned to contribute to establishing two permanent water supplies. The project operates a mobile video unit and for presentations to all 41 primary schools in the Amboseli area (funded by Drusillas Park, a zoo in Sussex). Daniel Morinke talks to the children and explains why wildlife is important to them and how it can even become the means by which they can continue their education through to secondary school and even to university. The video shows visitors paying to enter national parks to see and photograph animals. It explains why wildlife is a good thing and can be used as a resource. Implications from the website is that ACWTP was involved in the establishment of Images on the website imply that ACWTP was involved in the establishment of Eselenkei and Kimana wildlife concession schemes; specific modalities are not reported.

\[A link on the website [12] asserts incorrectly that all wildlife population numbers in the ecosystem are declining exponentially.\]

Principal(s) David Lovatt Smith, Technical Advisor Daniel Morinke, Administrator and Lecturer

Location Throughout the ecosystem from an office base in Oloitokitok.

Timing On-going?

Funding source(s) The Mayer Foundation of Liechtenstein, The Kenya Wildlife Trust, Drusillas Park, British Airways, The Irish African/Asian Conservation And Wildlife Trust

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: ACWTP Main Partners: (as above).

Contact Info David Lovatt Smith [13]

Products Video presentation for school children.

[Source: http://www.amboseli.org]

[edit] Wildlife Concession Activities

[edit] Maasailand Preservation Trust (Ol Donyo Wuas)

Description The Maasailand Preservation Trust (MPT) is the only privately-run, community-supporting, profit-making enterprise on the Mbirikani Group Ranch. At the centre of the operation is the exclusive Ol Donyo Wuas lodge. The owners have long wildlife conservation and management experience in Africa and are totally dedicate to making MPT work. Like many eco-friendly lodges, it is profitable – both to the owners and the community that hosts the operation – but not exploitative. Nothing is extracted from the ecosystem that is not replenished, even money, since the owners live full time on the property working hand-in-hand with staff from the immediate community. The MPT annually injects some USD 181,000 directly into the GR economy, comprising: rents and conservation fees (40,000); wages, both trust and lodge (89.000); predator compensation project (30,000); bursaries (12,000); bird shooting/camping fees (5,000); local purchases (5,0000. Overgrazing on the group ranch is a major threat. The area is currently overstocked by 500% according to estimates of stocking rate from the Ministry of Livestock Development (R. Bonham, pers. comm.). The conservation core around the lodge used to serve as a dry season \'grassbank\'. After a particularly bad November 2005 rains, when the grass should be knee-high, it had already been eaten down to basal level. Annual grass fires that long contributed to the ecological patchiness of Maasailand have not occurred on Mirikani for the past five years, and Solanum, a Solanacaea held to be an indicator of disturbed grassland, is believed to more prevalent than in the past. The rains have not been exceptionally bad over the past five years, so the apparent vegetation change seems to be grazing-induced. Well-off Maasai from other areas (as far afield as Namanga are moving their cattle into the foothill grazing and purchasing water for their \|livestock at KES 1.50 to 2.00 per lire. There is clear indication of the emergence of a powerful elite: 30% of the people own 70% of the cattle on Mbirikani, with some individuals running 1500-2000 head (a figure of 10,000 has been attributed, perhaps apocryphally, to one MP). Even \'though all Maasai know that all it takes is water to invade and overexploit a refuge grazing area, there is a plan to put an 8 km pipeline spur from the mainline at Mbirikani to just below the Oldonyo Wuas lodge. Everyone -- except the pipeline spur developer and, unbelievably, AMREF that seems to have funded the feasibility study – knows the permanent water there will attract huge numbers of livestock, exacerbate the overgrazing and spoil the attractiveness of the site for tourists. Another sign of overgrazing on the Ranch is the year-round invasion by herds of the Chyulus and Tsavo West National Parks. In the past, such incursion only occurred in the worst dry seasons. The British Army built two dams on the ranch in the past and then the Group Ranch committee established a grazing policy stipulating that the dams were only to be used in the short rains (November). The Committee found it could not manage the grazing of the strong-willed herders, so it was agreed that the dams should be breached to avoid overuse of the areas. APT and the Community are discussing functional Subdivisions the ranch into ca. 20,000 ha management flocks for controlled grazing regimes as well as matching with the current zones for predator compensation, each one of which has a game scout (see below). Community outreach. The APT is supporting a number of school children: 20 in the past and currently 21 plus 13 more being supported by Anne Laurie, a founding donor of APT and row the benefactor of the will-affronted and much-appreciated Mbirikani Clinic. Revenue Sharing. KWS gave KWS 850,000 in 2004 to each Group Ranch as part of the Bursary Fund.

Principal(s) Richard and Tara Bonham; Tom Hill, Trustee

Location Mbirikani Group Ranch, with a designated conservation core, nestled in the lower western slopes of the Chyulu Hills; S -2.526980, E 37.731930.

Timing On-going since xxx

Funding source(s) Funded from commercial operations of he lodge.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Richard Bonham Safaris Ltd.. Main Partners: : Neighbouring community-based activities (such as Campi ya Kanzi), NGOs such as ATGSA.. Mbirikani Group Ranch Mobile Health Clinic

Contact Info Richard Bonham Safaris Ltd P.O.Box 24133 Nairobi 00502 Kenya Tel: +254 (0) 20 600457 or 605108 or 609745 or 609699 Fax: +254 (0) 20 605008 Mobile: +254 (0) 733 347189 or +254 (0) 721 464477 \[Source: R. Bonham; [14]\]

[edit] Selenkay Conservancy and Porini Camp

Mission/Objective Preservation of Africa\'s unique wildlife and landscapes and support of local communities through sustainable ecotourism that benefits the local communities and gives visitors a rewarding experience.

Description The Selenkay Conservancy and the Porini eco-camp operate on Eselenkei Group ranch North of Amboseli National Park. The exclusive eco-friendly tented Porini Camp is owned and run as a profit-making business by Gamewatchers Safaris that works in partnership with rural landowners and communities to run a viable business that enables the community to derive benefits in return for conserving wildlife and its habitat. Porini Group of Camps is a practical model that implements principles of sustainable eco-tourism. It is dedicated to providing clients with exemplary personalized service. Porini accommodates a maximum of 12 guests. The six spacious tents under Acacias are comfortably furnished, lighted with solar power, with water-saving safari showers and flush toilets. All staff (apart from the camp manager, head chef and head guide) are from the local community, and guests have the opportunity to interact and learn about them and their culture. There are no other tourists or vehicles in the conservancy, allowing guests to enjoy a unique experience compared to traditional mass-tourist lodges and camps. The income from visitors is used to manage and improve the conservancy and to pay the lease, tourist entry and bed-night fees and salaries of the camp staff, conservancy rangers and workers. Porini has an exclusive lease for the conservancy and pays an annual rental that increases 10% annually. The local community benefits directly from natural resources and now does not have to rely exclusively on livestock. Previously job opportunities in the area were almost non-existent; now the project is the biggest employer on the Group Ranch, employing over 50 people. The hiring policy takes on people proportional to the numbers represented in the three main clans in the area. Representation is rotated among the clans. Three is a problem ofTake-home wages of individual members are over KES 8,000 ($110) per month for the most junior staff; and over KES 5m ($70,000) in cash is flowing into the community in the form of wages. In total, the project is now generatesn annually increasing cash flow of over KES 7m ($98,000) a year directly into the community with no direct cost to the community. The members see the wildlife as a resource which belongs to them and are enthusiastic about encouraging wildlife to move into their Conservancy.

Principal(s) Jake Grieves-Cook, a Kenyan citizen who has been involved in tourism and wildlife conservation in Kenya for over 30 years

Location The 7000 hectare Selenkay Conservancy is located within the 74,795 hectare Eselenkei Group Ranch in Kajiado District. Amboseli Porini Camp (S02-28-386, E037-18-275) is located within the Selenkay Conservancy.Timing

Funding source(s) Funding entirely by Gamewatchers Safaris with initial assistance from IFAW in providing waterhole for wildlife and in employing game scouts and commencement of project prior to establishing tourist safari camp

Timing On-going since May 1997

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Gamewatchers Safaris in Nairobi runs and manages both the Amboseli Porini Camp and the Selenkay Conservancy.. Main Partners: In Amboseli: Eselenkei Group Ranch and Amboseli-Tsavo Game Scouts Association .

Contact Info Gamewatchers Safaris PO Box 388 Village Market 00621 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7123129, 7122504 jake@wananchi.com www.porini.com

Products Contribution to public awareness through, for example, interviews on the BBC website, citing as good practice in textbooks, lectures to eco-tourism groups and inclusion in the World Tourism Organisation\'s Directory of Best Practice in Ecotourism.

[Source: Mohanjeet Brar]

[edit] Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust (Campi ya Kanzi)

Mission/Objective To protect and preserve the Maasai wilderness, wildlife and cultural heritage of the Amboseli/Tsavo ecosystem through community-based conservation projects.

Description The Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust (MWCT) provides the legal and institutional basis for community-based conservation on Kuku Group Ranch. The principal has a management contract with the GR to operate Campi ya Kanzi (CyK) on the basis of a lease for the space and collection and disbursement of a per capita Conservation Fee of USD 40 paid by each visitor. MWCT and CyK provide some KES 20m (just over USD 285,000) per annum directly to the community. That amounts to roughly KES 5,000 per GR member per year, about the same that a family can earn sharecropping around the Orbasare springs near Iltalal village. The amounts of the periodic payments and to whom they were paid are posted publicly so all GR members are aware of monies generated and payments made. Campi ya Kanzi aims to provide a close-to-nature eco-tourism experience coupled with a friendly introduction to the Maasai community. The operation is indeed eco-friendly, using solar voltaics, water conservation and recycling, composting and cooking on coffee-husk charcoal. MWCT supports direct development on the GR, for example, by refurbishing at its own cost the Iltalal borehole in exchange for an agreed-upon no grazing zone immediately around the lodge. The borehole will provide an attractor for cattle herds and hopefully reduce the growing pressure on the spring and woodlands around Orbasare. MWCT is negotiating the establishing of a 10,000 acres conservancy to create a black rhino sanctuary. and training to the community-run Motijanji Wildlife. Water, particularly the management of the major streams the flow into Kuku and Rombo Group Ranches is a major issue. Campi ya Kanzi is creating a waterhole near the lodge to keep the elephants around for longer in the season (there are ca. 400 on the GR during the rain; a group of 120 has been observed), but are weighing the potential benefits of diverting elephant attention from cultivation at Ilchalai, a wetland NE of Kimana against the potential costs of increased impacts on local vegetation. MWCT is studying alternative paradigms to the interpretation of overstocking and overgrazing, using concepts developed in Zimbabwean rangelands. Campi ya Kanzi is a member of the Ecotourism Kenya (Bronze rating) and is a member of The International Ecotourism Society. Has won several awards: Conservation Award Winner 2006 in Tourism for Tomorrow; Skål International Ecotourism Award 2005; finalist for World Legacy Award 2004. Employment. MWCT and CyK employ a total of 108 persons from the community; 45 work for the Camp, the rest for the Trust, including support to 30 scouts, all member of ATGSA.

Principal(s) Luca and Antonella Belpietro, Samson Parashina

Location Kuku Group Ranch, in foothills of Chyulu Hills; S -2.775530, E37.891660.

Timing MWCT was registered in 2000.

Funding source(s) Revenues from the operations of Campi ya Kanzi; donations to MWCT.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust in Kenya. In the USA, the Maasai Foundation of East Africa, a 501( c) 3 not-for-profit organisation. Maasai Wilderness Onlus, a not for profit Italian organisation Main Partners: MWCT has an agreement of collaboration and common policy with Maasailand Preservation Trust, operating in neighbouring Mbirikani Group Ranch. NGOs such as ATGSA.

Contact Info Luca Safari Ltd PO Box 236, 90128 Mtito Andei Tel: +254-045 622516 or +254-734-461300 email: lucasaf@africaunlimited.co.ke [www.maasai.com-http://www.maasai.com/] [www.maasaifoundation.org-http://www.maasaifoundation.org/] \[Source :Luca Belpeitro, Dec-06 \]

[edit] Kitirua Conservation Trust

Mission/Objective To advance the education and relieve the poverty of the members of Olgulului/Ololarrashi Group Ranch through the preservation and management of its wildlife and natural habitat.

Description The Kitirua Conservation Trust was formed established and registered under the Trust Acts of Kenya by Kimbla-Mantana and Ker & Downey to directly help the people of the Olgulului/Ololarrashi GR to set up and operate up-market safari tourism in the form of a private mobile safari camp is pitched in a stand of Acacia tortilis trees with direct views of Kilimanjaro. The trust agreement defined a 147,013 hectare trapezoidal area in the southwestern part of the GR that should be dedicated to wildlife based tourism, both from the mobile safari camps and from the clients of Tortilis Camp. It was explicitly stated that benefits to the community should include, apart from negotiated concession fees establishing an maintaining road boreholes bridges clinics and schools. It appears that as of mid-2006, the agreement between the GR and the concessionaires is in danger of breaking down.

Principal(s) n/a

Location Southwest of Amboseli National Park, between Kitirua Hill and the international border.

Timing Trust established in 1999

Funding source(s) Annual concession fee generated from up-market tourism revenues.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: n/a. Main Partners: Kerr & Downey, Kimbla-Mantanax, Cheli & Peacock (Tortilis Camp), (Ambercrobe & Kent was part of original agreement, but have now withdrawne from the partnership).

Contact Info Ker and Downey Safaris [info@kerdowney.com -mailto:info@kerdowney.com]

Products n/a

[Source: C. Moss]

[edit] Amboseli/Tsavo Game Scouts Association

Mission/Objective To enhance wildlife conservation and management in the group ranches of the Amboseli/Tsavo ecosystem.

Description The Amboseli/Tsavo Game Scouts Association (ATGSA) works in the six Group Ranches of Loitokitok Division, Kajiado District: Eselenkei, Kimana, Imbirikani, Olgulului/ Ololarrashi, Kuku and Rombo Group Ranches. . Each Group Ranch employed community game scouts to provide security to wildlife outside protected areas of Amboseli/Tsavo. The strength of these units vary its size, efficiency, resources. They rely mainly on the support of the private sector companies or concessions operating within individual ranches for finance and coordination. In June 2001 the then 59 Maasai Community Scouts of the GRs called a meeting to form their own Association in order to expend and improve their capacity to address wildlife issues on their respective ranches. It was resolved to establish and registered a new association. The Maasailand Preservation Trust and the Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary attended the meeting and were asked to assist and advise in registration and fund raising. The immediate beneficiaries will be the 80 Game Scouts and the ATGSA eco-tourism enterprises in the community areas, as well as tour operators working in Amboseli, Tsavo and Chyulu National Parks, The Group Ranch members who share the financial benefits of wildlife/tourist will also benefit. ATGSA has achieved considerable success, with the arrest of nearly 100 poachers and confiscation and destructions of some 700 snares. In addition, numerous confiscations of poachers\' equipment have included: bows and arrows, hunting spotlights, pangas, poachers\' bicycle and vehicles used in transporting game meat. Charcoal rings have been busted and the dealers arrested, and numerous trophies – elephant tusks, cheetah and leopards skins – have been seized and returned to the government authorities.

Principal(s) Jackson Parmeteu Kirruti, Coordinator

Location ATGSA Headquarters are at Imbirikani.

Timing On-going (conceived in 1989, registered under the Kenya Societies Act in April, 2003)

Funding source(s) Equipment and training have been provided by NGOs and KWS. Operations funded by contributions from ecosystem-based lodges and concessions..

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: self Main Partners: KWS, AWF, ATE/AERP, ACC, KIFAW.

Contact Info Jackson Parmeteu Kirruti PO Box 84 Loitokitok 00209 Kenya tel 0724 650721

Products n/a

[Source: [15]

[edit] Ol Kanjau

Mission/Objective Ol Kanjau aims to reveal in very special way the ecological, behavioural, and conservation patterns of animal lives to a visitor that can take a few days to appreciate, observe and wonder about – the accumulation of natural history information that the principals have taken decades to build.

Description Ol Kanjau, the "Camp of the Elephants", is a traditional style eco-friendly tented camp, exclusive to 12 or less visitors. In addition to close elephant watching, Ol Kanjau offers day and night game drives through the Amboseli grasslands, bush walks, and bird watching in the swamps and woodlands. The principals have a special relationship with the Maasai allowing for visits to neighbouring Maasai settlements.

Principal(s) Mike and Judy Rainy

Location Three kilometres east of Amboseli National Park.

Timing 1993 – on-going.

Funding source(s) Funded from client fees.

Institutional Affiliations Parent Body: Owner operated. Main Partners: Ol Kanjau is a member of the Bush Homes consortium. See [16].

[edit] Lodges & Hotels

[edit] Sopa Lodge

http://www.africa-reps.com/sopa/amboseli.htm] Location. 35 km SE of Amboseli airstrip on road to Kimana (S02.816680, E37.508350). Basics: Owned and operated by the Sopa Lodges group headquartered in Arusha, Tanzania, on a 112 Ha (277 A) freehold plot. 47 rooms. Community Outreach. Currently negotiates access to surrounding GR land for game walks and drives. Employment provided. Eco-pluses. None noted. Eco-minuses. None noted. Management Comment: Concerned that on-going subdivision will impact on lodge\'s access to surrounding area.

[edit] Amboseli Serena Safari Lodge

[17] Location. Southern edge of Enkon\'gu Narok swamp, just inside park boundary. Basics: Operated by the Serena group of hotels based in Nairobi. 96 rooms considered sufficient for the site and atmosphere; no expansion planned. Large driver accommodation with canteen and shop. Garage and petrol station. The lodged is leased on a royalty basis from KWS. Community Outreach. Although the lodge draws water from the large spring on site, it also provides free access to water to the Group Ranch members. Eco-pluses. Operates a six-point biological filtration sewage treatment facilty to return neutralised water to the swamp. Within the electric fence surrounding the compound has planted to date 250 Acacias with corporate sponsorship and participation from guests. Eco-minuses. The whole lodge is orientated north, facing the swamp. Although this provides good game viewing, Kilimanjaro is totally out of view from most places on the premises. Management Comment: Serena has been approached to take on the management contract of the Elerai community lodge. Management believes there are more opportunities to market the Park: clients are generally overwhelmed by the wildlife, but would like diversity, for example, night game drives, donor-sponsored reforestation. Greatest threats: not enough revenues getting to the community from gate takings and poorly maintained park infrastructure.

[edit] Ol Tukai Lodge

[18] Location. Ol Tukai, on the eastern end of the OCC land within the Amboseli Core. Basics: Operated by Amboseli Wildlife Resorts Ltd on land leased from OCC. 80 rooms plus Kibo Villa, a stand-alone VIP lodge with three ensuite rooms: 170 beds in all. In addition, has quarters for 20 tour drivers and accommodation for 120 hotel staff. Community Outreach. Offers a number of benefits to Maasai, such as: subsidised treatment at medical clinic (full-time orderly on duty); access to borehole water in time of drought; a one-off grant of 5,000 litres of diesel for GR borehole; donation of food, clothing to local hospital and school; donation of retired hotel line to four community centres. No explicit hiring policy. Eco-pluses. Attempts to conserve water through metering at outlets. Three-quarters of rooms have energy-saving lightbulbs (not 100% due to \'high cost\'). Solar water heating throughout. Eco-minuses. No greywater management. Solar voltaic installation still under consideration. Sewage effluent from staff/driver quarters runs into Lonkinye Swamp (this needs urgent attention). Management Comment: Implementation of a bed tax supplement for additional conservation activities would be considered, but would need clarification of mechanism. How could the supplement be charged without impacting on the hotel\'s income tax burden? Contract rates are already published for 2007, so no scheme could begin until 2008.

[edit] African Safari Club (including tented camps, such as Leopard Lodge, Zebra Lodge, Cheetah, etc.; and Kimana Lodge)

[19] Location. Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary, just off Oloitokitok-Emali pipeline road (S02.755290, E37.522410), 32 km ESE of Amboseli airstrip. Basics: A cluster of stays strung along the western edge of Kimana – Zebra Lodge, 38 beds; Kilimanjaro Camp, 20 beds; Twiga Camp, 20 beds; and Leopard Lodge, 108 beds – on 60 km2 of land leased from the Kimana/Tidondo group ranch on a ten-year lease (1999-2009). Operated by the Swiss-based African Safari Club, one of the largest operators on the Kenyan coast with interests in eight hotels having some 2,000 beds, plus an Indian Ocean cruise ship, the Royal Star, with transport from Europe on the affiliated African Safari Airways Airbus A310-308 and internal Kenya transport in company-owned Twin Otters base at Bamburi (to service Mara Buffalo Camp and Crocodile Camp in Tsavo East). All in all ASC accounts for some 60% of coastal tourism, of which about one-quarter visit the Club\'s up-country facilities. Community Outreach. 90% of a staff of 170 in total are hired from the surrounding community. Lodges and camp guests are charged KES 250 per night for the community, which accrues to a monthly rent of some KES 245,000 (USD 3,400). Eco-pluses. Contributes to the management of Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary by hiring a Senior Warden and 20 rangers. Eco-minuses. There are currently three lions being held in a caged enclosure for visitors to view. There were five, but two died. The lions were \'rescued\' ostensibly from less salubrious situations, and the intention appears to release them into the sanctuary. Adult lions that have habituated to the proximity of people are extremely risky free additions to the fauna in a high-density tourist area in Maasailand. Management Comment: Although there are inevitable conflicts with the community and their herds (even without the lion), as a private venture the concession perceives that it has more direct contact with and understanding from the community than a government body might enjoy.

[edit] Amboseli Lodge and Kilimanjaro Safari Camp

Location. Ol Tukai, in the south-centre of the OCC land within the Amboseli Core. Basics: Operated by Kilimanjaro Safari Club Ltd (1968) on land leased from OCC. Lodge has114 rooms of which 85 operational. Safari camp has 80 rooms, all derelict. Small VIP Kibo House abandoned to baboons. Employs 3-400 staff. Community Outreach. Provides KES 40,000 per annum to ATGSA. Eco-pluses. Solar water heaters in all rooms. Plans for installation of contemporary waste management system. Cleanup of the Safari Camp and renovation of Kibo House \'planned\'; demolishing of old rooms begun. Eco-minuses. The derelict Kilimanjaro Safari Camp is an aesthetic eyesore and environmental hazard. Poor control of solid waste disposal. Generator has poor sound attenuation. Numerous Acacia xanthophloea trees bulldozed along the main road, ostensibly to open up the closed canopy. Result is a mess and an eyesore blamed by visitors and the popular press on elephants. Management Comment: Alleged to be in litigation with the OCC for long history of rent arrears. Believes that cash handouts to community are counterproductive; prefer to see an investment trust established for and by the community with proper financial management. Doubts that other hotels will agree to additional bed-night tax for renting wildlife easements. Believes if (international) money should be raised to provide a water pipeline grid from the swamps to defunct waterpoints around the park, it would be possible to negotiate a 20km buffer around the Core. The lodge was closed in January 2006 pursuant to a court order base on a complaint lodged by the OCC for non-payment of rent. The soft fixtures were subjected to public auction. Several large corporations are said to be vying for access to the concession.

[edit] Tortilis Camp

[20] Basics: Operated by Cheli and Peacock on concession basis to Olgulului/Ololarrashi GR. 34 beds in 17 tents; one family room. Employs all local staff from community. Community Outreach. Contributes financially to ATGSA and intellectually to actively to ecosystem management committees and planning processes. Eco-pluses. Solar water heaters for each tent. Grey water management and bio-cleaning of sewage. The camp won the British Airways Regional Award for Ecotourism. Atmosphere of rustic simplicity and unobtrusive design that blends into the ecosystem.. Eco-minuses. None noted. Management Comment: Very concerned that unresolved stewardship of the national park on the one hand, and the turbulent debate underway concerning operation in the Kitirua Conservation Trust on the other will both potentially alienate the ecosystem and compromise the revenues getting back to the community.

[edit] References

Altmann, J., S.C. Alberts, S. Altmann, and S.B. Roy. (2002) Dramatic Change in Local Climate Patterns in the Amboseli Basin, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 40, no. 2 248-51.
Altmann, S. A. (1998). Foraging for Survival: Yearling Baboons in Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Behrensmeyer, A. K. (1993). The taphonomic record of ecological change in Amboseli Park, Kenya. Research & Exploration 9(4): 402-421.
BirdLife International (2005) BirdLife\'s online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. Version 2.0. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available: http://www.birdlife.org
Boone, R. B., S. B. BurnSilver, et al. (2005). Quantifying Declines in Livestock Due to Land Subdivision. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58: 523–532.
Born_Free (2004). A survey on the availability of bushmeat in 202 urban butcheries in Nairobi. Nairobi, Born Free Foundation UK, Youth for Conservation, Kenya Wildlife Services. 21 pp
Campbell, D. (1978). Coping with drought in Kenya Maasailand: Pastoralists and farmers of the Loitokitok area, Kajiado District. 54. Nairobi: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi.
Campbell, D. J., Gichohi, H., Mwangi, A. and Chege, L. (2000). Land use conflict in Kajiado District, Kenya. Land Use Policy 17: 337-348.
Campbell, D. J., Lusch, D. P., Smucker, T. and Wangui, E. E. (2003). Root causes of land use change in the Loitokitok area, Kajiado District, Kenya. In LUCID Working Paper:. East Lansing, Michgan, Nairobi, Kenya: LUCID, Michigan State University, ILRI, UNEP/GEF. 37p.
Campbell, D. J., Gichohi, H., Mwangi, A., Chege, L., Ogol, E. and Sawen, T. (2003). Interactions between people and wildlife in S.E. Kajiado district, Kenya. In LUCID Working Paper: 21. Nairobi: ILRI, Michigan State University, UNEP/GEF.
Croze, H. (1978). Aerial surveys undertaken by the Kenya Wildlife Management Project: Methodologies and Results. Nairobi, Wildlife Conservation and Management Dept., UNEP/FAO Wildlife Management Project KEN/71/526: 61 + appendices.
Croze, H. and Lindsay, K. (in press). Amboseli Ecosystem context, past & present. In Amboseli Elephants: A Long Term Perspective on a Long-lived Mammal. Moss, C. J. and Croze, H. (Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dahl, G. and Hjort, A. (1976). Having herds. Pastoral herd growth and household economy. Stockholm: Univ., Stockholm.
IFID (2001) Poverty-environment indicators. Draft Report
Frank, L., S. Maclennan, L. Hazzah, R. Bonham and T. Hill (2006). Lion Killing in the Amboseli -Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001-2006 and its Implications for Kenya\'s Lion Population. Unpub. report, 18 May 2006. 9 pp.
Githaiga, J. M. and A. N. Muchiru (2003). Survey of Water Quality Changes with Land Use Type in the Loitokitok Area, Kajiado District, Kenya. Nairobi, ILRI/UNEP/GEF/University of Nairobi: 32.
Githaiga, John M., Robin Reid, Andrew N. Muchiru and Sandra van Dijk (2004) Survey of Water Quality Changes with Land Use Type in the Loitokitok Area, Kajiado District , Kenya. LUCID Working Paper 35. Nairobi: ILRI (UNEP/GEF, MSU, Univ. Nairobi)
Government of Kenya (2001). 1999 Population and Housing Census Vol.I: Population Distribution By Administrative Areas and Urban Centers. 448. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics.
Government_of_Kenya (2006). Draft National Land Policy October 2006. In Sunday Nation: I-XVI. Nairobi: Ministry of Lands
Kenya Land Alliance.
Grandon, B. E. (1991). The Maasai: Socio-historical contect and group ranches. Analysis of the Livestock Production System of Maasai Pastoralists in Eastern Kajiado Distruct Kenya. Addis Ababa, International Livestock Centre for Africa.
Hill, T & R. Bonham (2005) Living on Borrowed Time. Swara. April.
Kenya Wildlife Service (1991) Amboseli National Park Management Plan, 1991 – 1996. Planning department, KWS, Nairobi, Kenya
Kioko, J., (2004). Spatial-temporal distribution of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana africana, Blumenbach) and their interactions with humans in Kuku–Kimana area of Tsavo-Amboseli ecosystem, Kenya. MSc thesis, University of Greenwich, UK.
Kiyiapi, J.L. (2004) Elerai Natural Resource Management Planning. Nairobi: AWF. May-June 2004. 85pp.
Lambrechts, Christian, Bongo Woodley, Andreas Hemp, Claudia Hemp, and Paul Nnyiti. Aerial Survey of the Threats to Mt. Kilimanjaro Forests. 33 + 3 maps. Dar el Salaam, Tanzania: Africa 2000 Network / GEF Small Grants Programme / UNDP / UNEP / KWS / Universtiy of Bayreuth, 2002.
Lindsay, W. K. (1982). Habitat selection and social group dynamics of African elephants in Amboseli, Kenya.: 200. University of British Columbia.
Lindsay, W. K. (1994). Feeding ecology and population demography of African elephants in Amboseli, Kenya. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
Manegene, S. and J. Bernard (2004). Scoping report for the development of the Amboseli ecosystem General Management Plan Nairobi, AWF, KWS, ACC, ATE, ATGRCA, SFS. 15PP.
Mburugu, J. M. (2002). The Amboseli Biosphere Reserve. AfriMAB Technical Workshop for Anglophone Countries12-15 September 2000, Nairobi, UNESCO. 27-27
McNaughton, S. J., R. W. Ruess, et al. (1988). Large mammals and process dynamics in African ecosystems. BioScience 38: 794-800.
Mitchell, D. (2005). In the Shadow of Mount Kilimanjaro. In Travel News.
Mumiukha, P. W. (1976). The vegetation of Kajiado District. 60 + plates. Nairobi: Wildlife Conservation and Management Dept.,
UNEP/FAO Wildlife Management Project KEN/71/526.
Ndegengy, G. (2003) Geographic Dimensions of Human Wellbeing in Kenya: Where are the Poor? From Districts to Locations. Vol.1. Nairobi, Central Bureau of Statistics. 164 p.
Niamir-Fuller, M. (2002). Non-equilibrium theory of African arid ecosystems: designing for monitoring and evaluation. Implementing Sustainable Development:. H. Abaza and A. Baranzini. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar for UNEP.le Saitoti, T. and C. Beckwith (1980). Maasai. London, Elm Tree/Hamish Hamilton.
Nicholson, S. E. (1999). Historical and Modern Fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa and Their Relationship to Rainfall Variability. Climatic Change 41(1): 53-71.
Ntiati, Paul. (2002) Group Ranches Subdivision Study in Loitokitok Division of Kajiado District, Kenya. In LUCID Working Paper. Nairobi: ILRI, UNEP/DGEF, 2002.
Ojwang\', G. O., Wargute, P. W. and Njino, L. W. (2006). Trends and spatial distribution of large herbivores in Kajiado District (1978-2000). 40. Nairobi: DRSRS - Dept. of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing.
Ole Saitoti, T. and Beckwith, C. (1980). Maasai. London: Elm Tree/Hamish Hamilton.
Pennycuick, L. (1975) Movements of the migratory wildebeest populations in the Serengeti area between 1960 and 1975. E.AFr.Wild.J. 13:65-87.
Pimm, S.L., (1991) The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London.
Pratt, D. J., Greeneway, P. J. and Gwynne, M. D. (1966). A Classification of East African Rangeland, with an Appendix on Terminology. Journal Applied Ecology 3: 369-382.
Pratt, D. J. and M. D. Gwynne, Eds. (1977). Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa. London, Hodder & Stoughton.
Reed, D. and P. Tharakan (2004). Developing and Applying Poverty-Environment Indicators. Washington DC, WWF Macroeconomics Programme Office: 14 pp.
Reid, R. S., D. Campbell, et al. (2004). Linkages among changes in land use, biodiversity and land degradation in the Loitokitok area of Kenya. Nairboi, ILRI/LUCID Michigan State University/KARI/NMK/AWF/ACC: 29.
SINCAT (1988). Engineering and design services for the implementation of the Nol Turesh Pipeline Water Project. Nairobi, Kenya, Ministry of Water Development / SINCAT s.r.l.: 51 + appendices.
SINCAT (1988). Hydrological Field Study at Nol Turesh Srings. Nairobi, Kenya, SINCAT s.r.l. / Groundwater Survey (Nairobi) Ltd.: 69.
Sitonik, D. K. and J. M. Kioko (2005). Elephant Movements within the Amboseli Ecosystem: A Case Study for the Development for the Amboseli Ecosystem. Nairobi, Amboseli Elephant Research Project & School for Field Studies: 30pp.
Shyamsundar, P. (2001). Poverty-Environment Indicators. Washington DC, World Bank: 44 pp.
Sombroek, W. G., H.M.H. Braun, and B.J.A. Van der Pouw. (1982) Exploratory Soil Map and Agro-Climatic Zone of Kenya, 1980 . Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Kenya, 1
Struhsaker, T. T. (1976). A further decline in numbers of Amboseli vervet monkeys. Biotropica 8: 211-214.
Thompson, L. G. et. al. (2002). Kilimanjaro ice core records: evidence of Holocene climate change in tropical Africa. Science 298: 589-593.
UNDP/FAO (1980). Wildlife Management in Kenya: Project Findings and Recommendations. Nairobi, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife.
UNESCO (1999). Biosphere Reserves for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Anglophone Africa (BRAAF): Project Findings and Recommendations. Paris, UNESCO. German Funds-in-Trust, Fed. Min. for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ): 98pp
UNESCO/MAB (2003). Periodic Review Form for the Amboseli Biosphere Reserve. Nairobi, Kenyan National Man and the Biosphere Committee: 20pp.
Warinda, E. (2001). Socio-economic survey and land use options analysis: Imbirikani Group Ranch, Kajiado District, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya, Ford Foundation, African Conservation Centre.
Western, D. (1973). The structure and dynamics of the Amboseli ecosystem. In Zoology. Nairobi: Univeristy of Nairobi.
Western, D. and Ssemakula, J. (1981). The future of the savannah ecosystems: ecological islands or faunal enclaves? African Journal of Ecology 19(112): 7 -- 20.
Western, D. (1994). Ecosystem conservation and rural development: The case of Amboseli. Natural connections. D. Western, R. M. Wright and S. C. Strum. Washington, DC, Island Press.
Western, D. and D. L. Manzolillo-Nightingale (2005). Environmental Change and the Vulnerability of Pastoralists to Drought: A Case Study of the Maasai in Amboseli, Kenya. Africa Environment Outlook Case Studies: Human Vulnerability to Environmental Change. Nairobi, UNEP. 35-50
Western, D. and C. Van Praet (1973). Cyclical changes in the habitat and climate of an East African ecosystem. Nature 241: 104-106.

[edit] Acronyms

(In the interest of saving a bit of space in this project, we have kept the acronym list in the main Amboseli Biosphere Reserve WikiProject.

[edit] Participants

We have not reproduced the list of participants annexed to the original report in case colleagues do not want their names and contact numbers broadcast widely on the Internet (as if they are not there somewhere already!). Let us know if you think this is an unnecessary precaution.

Meanwhile, please feel free to add yourself here, and to indicate any areas of particular interest.

1. Name (talk • contribs) (everything to know about Amboseli Biosphere Reserve)

[edit] Candidates

[edit] New articles

Please feel free to list your new Amboseli_Biosphere_Reserve-related articles here (newer articles at the top, please) with hyperlinks to the articles themselves. Any new articles that have an interesting or unusual fact in them should be suggested for the Did you know? box on the Main Page.

[edit] Collaboration and review

Collaboration of the week

Peer review

Assessment

[edit] Templates

[edit] Categories

• Category:Amboseli_Biosphere_Reserve

[edit] Resources

[edit] Related projects