William Woods Holden

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William Woods Holden (24 November 1818 – 1 March 1892) was the governor of North Carolina in 1865 and from 1868 to 1871. He was a "Scalawag" and leader of the state's Republican party during Reconstruction.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Governor, 1868 – 71 4 References 4.1 Primary sources 4.2 Secondary sources 5 External links 6 Notes

[edit] Early life

Holden was born and raised near what is now Eno River State Park in present-day Durham County. Around the age of 10, he began a six-year apprenticeship with Dennis Heartt at the Hillsborough Recorder newspaper (in Hillsborough, North Carolina). By the age of 19, Holden was working as a printer and writer at the Raleigh Star, in Raleigh, North Carolina. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became a member of the Whig party. In 1843, he became owner and editor of the North Carolina Standard newspaper, and changed party affiliation to the Democratic party (the Standard was a Democratic paper, and Holden had difficulty with the aristocratic tendencies of some Whigs). When Holden took over the paper, it was struggling financially, but it became one of the most widely-read newspapers in the state under his leadership.

[edit] Political career

In December 1843, Holden officially began his Democratic Party activism as a delegate to the state party convention, and he was elected to the North Carolina Democratic Party state executive committee.^[1] In 1846, Holden was elected by Wake County voters to the North Carolina House of Commons. He did not run for re-election after serving one term.^[2] As the "eloquent propagandist" of the Democratic Party, Holden was a key contributor to his party's successes in 1850, which ended years of Whig dominance in the state.^[3] In 1858, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain the Democratic gubernatorial nomination (losing to John W. Ellis), and then his party passed him over for a U.S. Senate seat.

Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, Holden advocated Southern rights to expand slavery and at times championed the right of secession, but by 1860 he had shifted his position to support the Union.^[4] He and his newspaper fell out of favor with the state Democratic Party, and he was removed as the state's printer, when he cautiously editorialized against secession in 1860.^[5] In 1861, Holden was sent to a State Convention to vote against secession by the voters of Wake County. But after President Abraham Lincoln called on North Carolina to provide troops to militarily suppress the seceding states, Holden joined in the unanimous vote to secede from the Union.

As the Civil War progressed, Holden became an outspoken critic of the Confederate government, and also a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he was the unsuccessful "peace candidate" against incumbent Governor Zebulon B. Vance.^[6] Vance won overwhelmingly, and Holden carried only three counties: Johnston, Randolph, and Wilkes.^[7]

After the war's end in 1865, Holden was appointed Governor by President Andrew Johnson, and played a central role in stabilizing the state during the first days of Reconstruction (he placed the Standard in the hands of his son, Joseph W. Holden). He was defeated by Jonathan Worth in a special 1865 election for governor.^[8] Johnson then nominated Holden to be minister to El Salvador, but the Senate rejected his nomination. He returned to editing the Standard, became president of the North Carolina Union League, and organized the Republican Party in the state in 1866-67.^[9] While voters were approving the new state constitution, Holden was elected governor at the head of the Republican ticket in 1868, defeating Thomas Samuel Ashe. ^[10] When he was elected governor, Holden gave up editorship and ownership of the Standard.^[11]

[edit] Governor, 1868 – 71

To combat the Ku Klux Klan, Holden hired two dozen detectives in 1869-70. The detective unit was not overly successful in limiting Klan activities, yet Holden's efforts to suppress the Klan exceeded those of other Southern governors. When he called out the militia against the Klan in 1870, imposed martial law in two counties, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for accused leaders of the Klan, the result was a political backlash that lost the Republicans the upcoming legislative election.^{[12] [13]}

After the Democratic Party regained majorities in both houses of the state legislature, he was impeached by the North Carolina House of Representatives on December 14, 1870.^[14] Despite being defended by well-known attorneys such as Nathaniel Boyden and William Nathan Harrell Smith, Holden was convicted on six of the eight charges against him by the North Carolina Senate in straight party-line votes on March 22, 1871. The other two charges received majority votes, but not the required two-thirds majorities.^[15] Holden was the first governor in American history to be impeached and removed from office (although Gov. Charles L. Robinson of Kansas was the first American governor to be impeached).^[16]

After being removed from office, he moved to Washington D.C. where he again worked for a newspaper. A few years later he returned to Raleigh, where President Ulysses Grant appointed him postmaster from 1873 to 1881. Raleigh Republicans persuaded President James Garfield not to re-appoint him to his post, and Holden subsequently left the party.^[17] He died in 1892 and is buried at Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh.

He was recognized as "one of the foremost men in intellectual power and daring that were ever born here" by North Carolinian Walter Hines Page.

[edit] References

[edit] Primary sources

• Memoirs of W. W. Holden (published 1911) complete text
• Holden, William Woods. The Papers of William Woods Holden. Vol. 1: 1841-1868. Horace Raper and Thornton W. Mitchell, ed. Raleigh, Division of Arch. and Hist., Dept. of Cultural Resources, 2000. 457 pp.

[edit] Secondary sources

• Harris, William C. "William Woods Holden: in Search of Vindication." North Carolina Historical Review 1982 59(4): 354-372. ISSN 0029-2494
• Harris, William C. William Woods Holden, Firebrand of North Carolina Politics. Louisiana State U. Press, 1987. 332 pp.
• Folk, Edgar E. W.W. Holden, Political Journalist, Editor of N.C. Standard, 1843-1865. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of English, George Peabody College for Teachers. Nashville. 1934.
• Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. W.W. Holden: A Political Biography. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, publisher, 1982. ISBN 0-89587-025-8.
• Massengill, Stephen E. "The Detectives of William W. Holden, 1869-1870." North Carolina Historical Review 1985 62(4): 448-487. ISSN 0029-2494
• Raper, Horace W. William W. Holden: North Carolina's Political Enigma U. of North Carolina Press, 1985. 376 pp.
• Reid, Richard. "William W. Holden and 'Disloyalty' in the Civil War." Canadian Journal of History 1985 20(1): 23-44. ISSN 0008-4107 Fulltext online in Ebsco
• Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1987.

[edit] External links

• Bio from Dictionary of NC Biography
• Information on Holden from NC Department of Public Instruction

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 37.
2. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 45. Note that many sources say Holden was elected in 1844, but this is incorrect.
3. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 64.
4. ^ http://docsouth.unc.edu/bios/pn0000761_bio.html
5. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 123.
6. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60139
7. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 86.
8. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60133
9. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 203.
10. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=68470
11. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 206.
12. ^ Wade, 1987, p. 85.
13. ^ http://www.rootsweb.com/~ncccha/memoranda/kirkholdenwar.html
14. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 223.
15. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 234.
16. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 227.
17. ^ Folk, Edgar E. and Bynum Shaw. 1982. p. 236.

Preceded by: (first term) Zebulon Baird Vance	Governor of North Carolina 1865, 1868-1871	Succeeded by: (first term) Jonathan Worth
Preceded by: (second term) Jonathan Worth		Succeeded by: (second term) Tod Robinson Caldwell

Governors of North Carolina

Caswell • Nash • Burke • A. Martin • Caswell • Johnston • A. Martin • Spaight • Ashe • Davie • Williams • Turner • Alexander • Williams • Stone • Smith • Hawkins • Miller • Branch • Franklin • Holmes • Burton • Iredell • Owen • Stokes • Swain • Spaight Jr. • Dudley • Morehead • Graham • Manly • Reid • Winslow • Bragg • Ellis • Clark • Vance • Holden • Worth • Holden • Caldwell • Brogden • Vance • Jarvis • Scales • Fowle • Holt • Carr • Russell • Aycock • Glenn • Kitchin • Craig • Bickett • Morrison • McLean • Gardner • Ehringhaus • Hoey • Broughton • Cherry • W. Scott • Umstead • Hodges • Sanford • Moore • R. Scott • Holshouser • Hunt • J. Martin • Hunt • Easley