Yemeni Arabic
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Yemeni Arabic is the variety of Arabic spoken in Yemen. It is generally considered a very conservative dialect, as it has retained many classical features lost across most of the Arabic speaking world.
Yemeni Arabic can be divided roughly into several main dialect groups, each with its own distinctive vocabulary and phonology. The most important of these groups are San'ani, Ta'izzi, Adani (Adenese), Tihami and Hadhrami (Hadrami). The independent languages of Mahri (Mehri) and Suqutri (Socotri, Soqotri) are not Arabic dialects at all, but developed from Old South Arabian via the ancient Sabaean language. Please note that some phonetic symbols may not appear in some versions of Internet browsers.
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[edit] The San'ani Arabic Dialect
[edit] Grammar
The San'ani dialect is distinguished among Yemeni dialects by its use of the hard [g] sound in the place of the classical Arabic [qāf], as well as its preservation of the classical Arabic palatial pronunciation of [j](also transliterated [ğ] or [dj]) for the Arabic letter [jīm]. In these respects, San'ani Arabic is very similar to most Bedouin dialects across the Arabian peninsula. Along with these phonological similarities to other dialects, San'ani Arabic also has several unique features. It uses the classical "mā" in the meaning of "what", as well as in negations. Unlike the classical usage, this "mā" is used without distinction in verbal and nominal sentences alike. It represents the future aspect with a complex array of prefixes, depending on the person of the verb. For first-person verbs the prefix [ša-] or [‘ad] is used. The derivation of [ša-] is apparently related to the classical [sa-], and [‘ad] is likely an abbreviation of [ba‘d], meaning "after". For all other persons in San'a proper the simple prefix [‘a-] is used, although many of the villages around San'a extend the use of [ša-] for all persons.
[edit] Vocabulary
The San'ani vocabulary is also very distinct and conservative. The classical verb "sāra, yasīr" is retained with the meaning of "to go". Shalla, yashill is used to mean "to take/get".[1]
[edit] The Ta'izzi Arabic Dialect
In contrast to the San'ani "shalla, yashillu", the people of Ta'izz and neighbouring Ibb tend to use "bazza, yabizzu".
[edit] The Adeni Arabic Dialect
The Adeni dialect is also very distinct from the rest of the Yemeni dialects. Like the majority of Yemeni dialects, Adeni uses the hard uvular [q] for the classical [qāf], and the hard [g] for the classical [jīm]. Unlike all other Yemeni dialects, however, Adeni Arabic substitutes dental fricatives for dental plosives, [θ] becomes [t], [ð] becomes [d] and the two (classical) emphatic interdental fricative [ð] and the emphatic dental plosive [ḍ] are both merged into one sound, namely [ḍ].
[edit] The Tihami Arabic Dialect
The Tihami dialect has many aspects which differentiate it from all other dialects in the Arab world. Phonologically Tihami is similar to the majority of Yemeni dialects, pronouncing the Qaf as [Q] and the Jim as a hard [G]. Grammatically all Tihami dialects also share the unusual feature of replacing the definite article [Al-] with the prefix [Am-]. The future tense, much like the dialects surrounding Sana'a, is indicated with the prefix [sh-], for all persons, e.g. "sha-buuk am-suuq" meaning, "I will go to the Souq". Some Tihami dialects, such as that spoken in Al-Hodeida, are otherwise fairly similar to other Yemeni dialects in grammar and syntax, differing mainly in vocabulary, while others can be so far from any other Arabic dialect that they are practically incomprehensible even to other Yemenis.
[edit] The sub-dialect of Zabid
Of all the Tihami sub-dialects, the sub-dialect of Zabid is rightly regarded as the most bizarre. It shares the transformed definite article of [am-] with the rest of the Tihami sub-dialects, but it is unique in retaining certain of the declensional suffixes in the nominitive case. Indefinite masculine nouns in nominal sentences as well as the subjects of verbal sentences are suffixed with the sound [-uu], which stems from the classical suffix [-un/-u]. Likewise the phonology of the Zabidi sub-dialect is perhaps unique among all Arabic dialects in that it replaces the sound [‘ain] with the glottal stop [ ’ ]. In terms of vocabulary, the Zabidi sub-dialect shares very little with other Arabic dialects, in many respects it seems to be a different language. Zabidis use the verb "baaka, yabuuk" to mean "to go" and the verb "baġa, yibġa" to mean "to want". The word "gohd" and "gohda" mean man, and woman, respectively. And the word "fiiaym" to mean "where", hence the phrase: "fiiaym baayku" meaning "Where are you going", which is grammatically parallel to the more familiar: "fayn raayih" of more mainstream dialects.
[edit] The Hadrami Arabic Dialect
[edit] Phonology
The dialect in many towns and villages in the Wādī (valley) and the coastal region is characterised by its ج <j>-yodization, i.e. changing Classical Arabic reflex <j> to the approximant ي [y] (IPA [j]). In this it resembles some Eastern Arabian and Gulf dialects including the dialects of Basra in Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the dialects of the other Arab Emirates. In educated speech, <j> is realised as a voiced palatal plosive or affricate in some lexical items which are marked [+ religious] or [+ educated] (see ق <q> below).
The ق <q> reflex is pronounced as a voiced velar [g] in all lexical items throughout the dialect. In some other Arabic dialects, <q> is realised as a voiceless uvular plosive in certain lexemes which are marked [+ religious], [+ educational] etc., e.g. /qur’ān/ “Qur’an”. With the spread of literacy and contact with speakers of other Arabic dialects, future sociolinguistic research may reveal whether HA is going to witness innovation like using the uvular <q> in certain lexemes while retaining the velar /g/ for others.
Wādī HA makes ث / ت <t /θ> and ذ / د <d /ð> distinction but ض <ḍ> and ظ <Ð> are both pronounced ظ (IPA [ðˤ]) where as Coastal HA merges all these pairs into the stops د , ت and ض (IPA [t], [d] and [dˤ]) respectively.
In non-emphatic environments, /ā/ is realised open front (slightly raised) unrounded. Thus /θānī/ “second; psn. name” which is normally realised with an [ɑ:]-like quality in the Gulf dialects is realised with an [æ:] in HA.
This dialect is characterised by not allowing final consonant clusters to occur in final position. Thus Classical Arabic /bint/ “girl” is realised as /binit/. In initial positions, there is a difference between the Wādī and the coastal varieties of HA. Coastal HA has initial clusters in /bġā/ “he wants”, /bṣal/ “onions” and /brīd/ “mail (n.)” while Wādī HA realises the second and third words as /baṣal/ and /barīd/ respectively.
[edit] Morphology
When the first person singular comes as an independent subject pronoun, it is marked for gender, thus /anā/ for masculine and /anī/ for feminine. As an object pronoun, it comes as a bound morpheme, thus /–nā/ for masculine and /–nī/ for feminine. The first person subject plural is /naḥnā/.
The first person direct object plural is /naḥnā/ rather than /–nā/ which is the case in many dialects. Thus, the cognate of the Classical Arabic /ḍarabanā/ “he hit us” is /Ðarab naḥnā/ in HA.
Stem VI, /tC1āC2aC3/, can be umlauted to /tC1ēC2aC3/, thus changing the pattern vowel |ā| to /ē/. This leads to a semantic change as in /tšāradaw/ “they ran away suddenly” and /tšēradaw/ “they shirk, try to escape”
Intensive and frequentative verbs are common in the dialect. Thus /kasar/ “to break” is intensified to |kawsar| as in /kōsar fi l - lʕib/ “he played rough”. It can be metathesized to become frequentative as /kaswar min iÐ-Ðaḥkāt/ “he made a series (lit. breaks) of giggles or laughs”.
[edit] Syntax
The syntax of HA has many similarities to other Peninsular Arabic dialects. However, the dialect contains a number of unique particles used for coordination, negation and other sentence types. Examples in coordination include /kann, lākan/ “but; nevertheless, though”, /mā/ (Classical Arabic /ammā/) “as for…” and /walla/ “or”.
Like many other dialects, apophonic or ablaut passive (as in /kutib/ "it was written") is not very common in HA and perhaps is confined to clichés and proverbs from other dialects including Classical Arabic.
The particle /qad/ developed semantically in HA into /kuð/ or /guð / “yet, already, almost, nearly” and /gad/ or /gid/ “maybe, perhaps”.
[edit] Vocabulary
There are a few lexical items that are shared with Modern South Arabian languages, which perhaps distinguish this dialect from other neighbouring Peninsular dialects. The effect of Hadrami migration to South-East Asia (see Arab Singaporean), the Indian sub-continent and East Africa on HA is clear in the vocabulary especially in certain registers like types of food and dress, e.g. /ṣārūn/ "sarong". Many loan words were listed in al-Saqqaf (2006): [1] [2]
[edit] The Yafi'i Arabic Dialect
While there is much about the Lower Yafa'i dialect that has not been thoroughly studied, it does have a very interesting phonological shift. Along with the southern bedouin dialects, in Abyan and Lahej, with which it shares much in common, Yafi'i pronounces the classical [jīm] as [gīm], but unlike all other dialects, Yafi'i confuses the classical sounds [ġain](also transliterated [ghayn]) and [qāf], pronouncing them, respectively [qain] and [ġāf](can also be transliterated as [ghāf]). This unique shift gives the dialect characteristically disconcerting quality, as many common words are confused, often to humorous effect. Although a similar phonological shift occurs in certain words in the Sudan as well, the similarities are rather misleading. Whereas the shift is systematic in Yafi', occurring at every instance of the relevant phonemes, in the Sudan it is usually a form of hypercorrection which takes place only in certain classical words. In the Sudan, the phoneme [Q] is systematically pronounced as [G] in all common words, with the pronunciation [Gh] occuring as a hypercorrection in words such as "Istiqlaal" ("Freedom"), pronounced "Istighlaal".
[edit] Other Yemeni Arabic Dialects
Southern Yemeni (Qahtani, Biblical Joktan) dialects are different especially Hadhramaut which still retains old pre-Islamic elements.
[edit] Non-Arabic Dialects
Mehri is still spoken in the east (bordering other South Arabian languages in Oman) and Soqotri is spoken on Socotra. These languages are technically not dialects, retaining ancient South Arabian language elements.
[edit] References
- ^ Janet C. E. Watson, Sbahtu! A Course in San'ani Arabic. Semitica Viva: Series Didactica, 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996. xxvii, 324 pp., glossary, index ISBN 3-447-03755-5
- ^ A. Al-Saqqaf (2006): Co-referential devices in Hadramî Arabic, pp. 75-93 Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik Issue 46.http://semitistik.uni-hd.de/zal/zal46.htm
