Yuli Daniel
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Yuli Markovich Daniel (Russian: Юлий Маркович Даниэль; November 15, 1925 — December 30, 1988) was a Soviet dissident writer, poet, translator, political prisoner and gulag survivor. He frequently wrote under the pseudonyms Nikolay Arzhak (Николай Аржак) and Yu. Petrov (Ю.Петров).
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[edit] Early life and World War II
Yuli Daniel was born in Moscow into the family of Yiddish playwright M. Daniel (Mark Meyerovich, Russian: Марк Наумович Меерович), who took the pseudonym Daniel. The famous march song of the Soviet young pioneers, "Орленок" (Young Eagle), was originally written for one of his plays. Daniel's uncle, an ardent revolutionary (alias Liberten), was a member of Comintern who perished in the Great Purge.
In 1942, during Great Patriotic War, Daniel lied about his age and volunteered to serve at the front. He fought in the 2nd Ukrainian and the 3rd Belorussian fronts, in 1944 was heavily wounded in his legs and demobilized due to disability.
[edit] Writing and arrest
In 1950, he graduated from Moscow Pedagogical Institute and worked as a school teacher in Kaluga and Moscow regions. He published his poetry translations from a variety of languages. Daniel and his friend Andrei Sinyavsky also wrote satirical novels and smuggled them to France to be published under pseudonyms. (See Tamizdat)
He married Larisa Bogoraz who later also became a famous dissident. In 1965, Daniel along with Sinyavsky were arrested and tried in the infamous Sinyavsky-Daniel show trial ("процесс Синявского и Даниэля"). On February 14, 1966, Daniel was sentenced to five years of hard labor for "anti-Soviet activity". Unprecedented in the USSR, both writers plead not guilty.
The affair was accompanied by harsh propaganda campaign in the media and was perceived as a sign of demise of the Khrushchev Thaw. A group of Soviet luminaries sent a letter to Leonid Brezhnev asking not to rehabilitate Stalinism. Among the signatories were the academicians Andrei Sakharov, Igor Tamm, Lev Artsimovich, Pyotr Kapitsa, Ivan Maysky, writers Konstantin Paustovsky, Korney Chukovsky, actors Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Maya Plisetskaya, Oleg Yefremov, directors Georgy Tovstonogov, Mikhail Romm, Marlen Khutsiyev and others.
[edit] Late years and influence
According to Fred Coleman, "Historians now have no difficulty pinpointing the birth of the modern Soviet dissident movement. It began in February 1966 with the trial of Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel, two Russian writers who ridiculed the Communist regime in satires smuggled abroad and published under pen names... Little did they realize at the time that they were starting a movement that would help end Communist rule."[1]
After four years of captivity in Mordovia labor camps and one year in Vladimir prison, Daniel refused to emigrate (as was customary among Soviet dissidents) and lived in Kaluga.
Before his death, Bulat Okudzhava acknowledged that some translations published under Okudzhava's name were ghostwritten by Daniel who was on the list of authors banned to be published in the USSR.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Coleman, Fred (August 15, 1997). The Decline and Fall of Soviet Empire : Forty Years That Shook The World, From Stalin to Yeltsin. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-16816-0. p. 95
[edit] Bibliography
- "Бегство" (The Escape), 1956
- "Говорит Москва" (Report from Moscow), 1959 [1]
- "Человек из МИНАПа" (A Man from MINAP), 1960 [2]
- "Искупление" (The Redemption), 1964
- "Руки" (The Hands)
- "Письмо другу" (A Letter to a Friend), 1969
- "Ответ И.Р.Шафаревичу" (The Response to Igor Shafarevich), 1975
- "Книга сновидений" (A Book of Dreams)
- "Я все сбиваюсь на литературу..." Письма из заключения. Стихи (The Letters from Prison), 1972 (ISBN 0-87955-501-7)
[edit] External links
- A Bit of Fear (Time magazine, 1966)
- A Day in the Life of Yuli Daniel (Time magazine, 1969)
- Larisa Bogoraz has died Kharkiv Group for Human Rights Protection
- (Russian) Materials of Daniel's case, photos, poetry HRO-Russia
- (Russian) Memoirs by Larisa Bogoraz
- (Russian) Poetry
- (Russian) Memoirs about Yuli Daniel by Natalia Rapoport
- (Russian) Bio
- (Russian) Radio Freedom program dedicated to Yuli Daniel
- (Russian) Anthology of Samizdat
