Zhuge Ke

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Zhuge Ke (諸葛恪) (203-253), courtesy name Yuanxun (元遜), was the son of the Eastern Wu minister, Zhuge Jin, whose younger brother was the great Shu statesman Zhuge Liang. He succeeded Lu Xun after Lu's death. After the death of the founding emperor Sun Quan, Zhuge served as regent for his son Sun Liang, but the regency proved to be militarily disastrous due to Zhuge's overagressiveness against Cao Wei. In 253, Zhuge was killed, along with his clan, in a coup.

[edit] Career during Sun Quan's reign

After Eastern Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan created his son Sun Deng (孫登) as crown prince in 221, he set up a staff for the crown prince consisting of the sons of the key officials or other well-known young members of the administration. The four most prominent ones were Zhuge Ke, Zhang Zhao's son Zhang Xiu (張休), Gu Yong's son Gu Tan (顧潭), and Chen Wu's son Chen Biao (陳表). Sun Deng treated them as friends, not as subordinates, and they grew up together and served as Crown Prince Deng's advisors. When Sun Deng had his secretary Hu Zong (胡綜) write a commentary about his advisors in 229, Hu wrote that Zhuge was the most intelligent and skillful of his generation. While this was true, he also quickly developed a reputation for being reckless, a characteristic that both his father Zhuge Jin and his uncle Zhuge Liang repeatedly rebuked him about. On one occasion, Zhuge Jin observed, "This child will either bring great honor to my household or destroy it."

By 234, Zhuge was serving as a commander of the capital guards, and he submitted a plan to Sun Quan to suppress the indigenous Yue people of the important Danyang Commandery (丹陽, roughly modern Xuancheng, Anhui), who had not submitted to Eastern Wu authorities and were pillaging the Han people -- a plan that most senior officials, including Zhuge Jin, considered reckless and costly. However, Zhuge Ke insisted that his plan would be successful, so Sun Quan commissioned him as the governor of Danyang and gave him full powers to implement his plan. Once he arrived, he requested the four neighboring commanderies to seal their borders and did not combat the Yue; then, when the rice became ready for harvest, he had the rice harvested quickly and then gathered up, away from the pillaging Yue. The Yue were starved into submission, and as soon as they submitted, he treated them with kindness. By 237, Danyang was entirely under Eastern Wu authorities' control and became a productive commandery for manpower and supplies. Sun was impressed and created Zhuge a marquess.

In 243, Zhuge planned a major attack on the important Cao Wei city of Shouchun (壽春, in modern Lu'an, Anhui), and he put his army in an attack posture. However, when the prominent Cao Wei general Sima Yi arrived and prepared to attack Zhuge, rather than allowing Zhuge to face the much more experienced Sima in battle, Sun ordered that Zhuge withdraw. Still, among the people, Zhuge became renowned for being willing to stand against Sima. However, Lu Xun became concerned about Zhuge's recklessness and wrote him in rebuke. Knowing that he had to submit to the senior Lu, Zhuge wrote back and apologized. After Lu's death in 245, Sun commissioned Zhuge to take over Lu's key post at Wuchang (in modern Ezhou, Hubei).

In 251, as Sun Quan neared death, he sought a regent for his young son and heir, Sun Liang. His personal assistant Sun Jun recommended Zhuge, and it was also the sentiment of the people that Zhuge was the most capable. Sun Quan was concerned about Zhuge's arrogance and overly high opinion of himself, but at Sun Jun's urging commissioned him to be regent, summoning him back from Wuchang. As Zhuge departed Wuchang, the senior general Lü Dai (呂岱), knowing Zhuge's recklessness, told him, "What you will be doing is difficult. Before you do anything, think ten times." Zhuge, rather than showing his earlier submission to Lu Xun, responded irreverently to Lü Dai, "When Ji Wenzi (季文子, a student of Confucius) thought three times before acting, Confucius told him, 'Only think twice.' Now you, sir, told me to think ten times. Is it not that you are calling me stupid?" Lü was unable to respond, and the people at the time thought that Lü did speak inappropriately, but later historians pointed to this incident as a sign of Zhuge's ever growing arrogance and recklessness. Indeed, after Sun named him regent and ordered that all important matters be decided by Zhuge first (except matters of life and death) and made all other officials bow to Zhuge, Zhuge became even more arrogant.

After Sun Quan's death in 252, Sun Liang succeeded him, and Zhuge served as regent, as Sun Quan willed.

[edit] As regent to Sun Liang

Upon becoming regent, Zhuge relaxed some of the strict laws that Sun Quan had put in place in his late reign and cut the tax rates. The people were happy, and wherever he went, there would be large crowds wanting to catch a glimpse of him.

Later in 252, Zhuge rebuilt the Dongxing Dam (東興隄, in modern Chaohu, Anhui), which Sun Quan had initially built in 230 but which was destroyed in 241, to create a reservoir near the Chao Lake, with the dual purpose of using it as a defense against potential Cao Wei attacks and, with two castles built nearby, as forward attack mechanism for Eastern Wu ships. In response, Cao Wei's regent Sima Shi (Sima Yi's son) made a major three-pronged attack against Eastern Wu, with the main forces attacking Dongxing Dam. Zhuge and his general Ding Feng were able to catch Cao Wei forces unprepared by pretending to be unprepared themselves, and then inflicted a major loss on the Cao Wei forces, forcing their withdrawal.

Encouraged by his success at Dongxing, Zhuge prepared for a major attack against Cao Wei -- citing, as his reason, that Sima Shi (then 45) was "young and inexperienced." He carried out a plan he had for a while -- to gather up nearly all service-eligible young men of Eastern Wu to make a major attack against Cao Wei -- despite opposition by a number of other officials. He further coordinated his attack with ally Shu Han's regent Jiang Wei. However, his strategy turned out to be faulty -- as he was initially targeting Shouchun but, on his way, changed his mind and attacked Hefei (合肥, in modern Hefei, Anhui) instead, despite the fact that Hefei's defenses were strong and intended to withstand major Eastern Wu attacks. Zhuge's forces became worn out by the long-term siege and suffered plagues -- which Zhuge ignored. He eventually withdrew after Cao Wei reinforcements arrived, but instead of returning to the capital Jianye (modern Nanjing) and apologize for his erroneous strategies, he remained from the capital for some time and never apologized to the people for the heavy losses suffered.

When Zhuge eventually did return to Jianye, he further sternly tried to wipe out all dissent, punishing all those who disagreed with him. He further planned another attack against Cao Wei, disregarding the recent heavy losses the people had suffered and their resentment. Sun Jun decided that he had to kill Zhuge. He told Sun Liang that Zhuge was planning treason, and he set up a trap at the imperial feast for Zhuge. (How much the young emperor knew of Sun Jun's plans and whether he concurred is unclear; traditional historians implied that Sun Liang knew and concurred, but he was just 10 years old at this point.) During the middle of the feast, assassins that Sun Jun had arranged for killed Zhuge, and Sun Jun's forces then wiped out the Zhuge clan.

After the death of Sun Jun and his successor, his cousin Sun Lin, the emperor Sun Xiu, in 258, reburied Zhuge with honors, but when someone suggested that a monument be built for Zhuge, Sun Xiu refused -- observing correctly that both the military losses and the reckless way in which he put his own life in danger showed that Zhuge was unworthy of a monument.

[edit] Anecdotal stories or legends about Zhuge Ke

An anecdotal story regarding Zhuge Ke's fame during his childhood or adolescence involved a banquet. Among top Eastern Wu officials, a running joke was that Zhuge Jin's face resembled that of a donkey. To tease Zhuge Ke, Sun Quan brought in a donkey; it bore a sign reading "Zhuge Ziyu" (Ziyu being Zhuge Jin's courtesy name). Sun Quan then turned to Zhuge Ke and told him to add any two characters that he wanted to the sign. Zhuge Ke added quickly "The donkey of" (zhi lü, 之驢) and requested that the donkey be given to his father, and this quick wit impressed Sun Quan.

At another banquet, Sun asked Zhuge Ke, "Is your father superior, or is your uncle [Zhuge Liang] superior?" Zhuge Ke quickly responded, "My father is." When asked why, Zhuge Ke responded, "My father knows the right emperor to serve, while my uncle does not, and therefore my father is superior." Sun Quan was impressed by the subtle flattery and told Zhuge Ke to offer wine to all the senior officials present (considered a high honor for the junior officials). When he came upon the venerable Zhang Zhao, Zhang refused, claiming that he was too old to drink. Zhuge convinced him to accept the wine, comparing him to the legendary prime minister of the Zhou Dynasty, Jiang Ziya, which impressed Zhang and Sun.

On yet another occasion, a Shu Han ambassador arrived with a gift of horses for Sun Quan. Sun knew that Zhuge Ke was a good rider, and summoned him with intent to award him one of the horses. When Zhuge Ke arrived, he immediately knelt and thanked the bestowment. Sun Quan was surprised at how he knew what he was summoned for, and Zhuge Ke's response was, "Shu Han only serves as your imperial majesty's stable, and it is certain that the ambassador has offered a tribute of horses." This remark deprecated Shu Han and flattered Sun Quan, and Sun was again impressed.