巴布·馬利
维基百科，自由的百科全书
巴布·馬利（Bob Marley，1945年2月6日 - 1981年5月11日），本名羅伯特·內斯塔·馬利（Robert Nesta Marley），是一位牙買加的歌手、吉他手、作曲家和社會運動者。他是最為人知的雷鬼樂手。他多數的作品都是處理貧困與/或無權的掙扎。巴布·馬利也以他透過音樂傳播信仰的方式而聞名。
他是麗塔·安德森·馬利的丈夫。麗塔·安德森·馬利是巴布·馬利的伴奏樂團I Threes的成員，經常與他一起登台表演。
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[编辑] 早期生活
巴布·馬利在1945年2月6日生於牙買加聖安妮的九英哩。他的父親，Norval Marley，1895年生於牙買加一個來自英國薩西克斯郡的家庭。他曾經是一個軍人。他遇到巴布的媽媽，Cedella Booker，一個來自北方鄉間的黑人少女時，是一個農地監督。兩人在1944年6月9日結婚。然而，婚禮前大約一週的時候，Norval告訴Cedella，他的疝氣開始折磨他，因此他要換工作並且搬家到京斯敦去。因為Norval的富裕英國家庭鄙視跨種族的關係，他從來沒有機會認識他的兒子，只有見過他一面。巴布是由母親撫養長大，後來他們在1950年代中期搬家到京斯頓Trench鎮的貧民窟去
[编辑] 音樂生涯
[编辑] 早期
巴布·馬利一開始嘗試斯卡曲風（ska），後來漸漸被雷鬼吸引。雷鬼在1970年代和1980年代長期發展、演奏、教學和歌唱。馬利的早期音樂生涯是跟斯卡、rocksteady與雷鬼樂團The Wailers在一起。The Wailers包括另外兩位知名的雷鬼樂手，Bunny Livingston (Bunny Wailer)和Peter McIntosh (Peter Tosh)。他們兩人後來都離開這個樂團，成為很成功的獨唱歌手。1974年，The Wailers解散之後，馬利和I Threes一起繼續以Bob Marley & The Wailers知名表演。現在，Bob Marley、The Wailers和Bob Marley & the Wailers，經常用來指事實上是不同實體所錄製的錄音。
Much of Marley's early work was produced by Coxsone Dodd at Studio One. That relationship later deteriorated due to financial pressure, and in the early 1970s he produced what is believed by many to be his finest work with Lee "Scratch" Perry. This pair also split apart, this time over the assignment of recording rights. They did work together again in London, though, and remained friends until Marley's death.
Marley's work was largely responsible for the mainstream cultural acceptance of reggae music outside of Jamaica. He signed to Chris Blackwell's Island Records label in 1971, at the time a highly influential and innovative label. Island Records boasted a retinue of successful and diverse artists including Free, John Martyn and Nick Drake. Though many people believe that Blackwell interfered with what Marley wanted to do with his own music, others think that the knowledge this producer brought to the scene was critical in Marley's wish to bring reggae to the world. It was his 1975 hit No Woman, No Cry that first gained him fame on a wider level.
[编辑] Shot in election violence
In 1976, just two days before a scheduled free concert that Marley and Jamaican PM Michael Manley had organized in the run up to the general election, Marley, his wife Rita, and manager Don Taylor, were shot inside the star's 56 Hope Road home. Marley received minor injuries in the arm and chest. Don Taylor took most of the bullets in his legs and torso as he accidentally walked in the line of fire. He was in a serious condition after he was rushed to the hospital, but fully recovered later. Rita also recovered from the shot to the head she received that night.
It is generally believed that the shooting was politically motivated, due to Jamaican politics being somewhat violent at the time, especially so close to election day. The concert was seen as being in support of the progressive prime minister of Jamaica, Michael Manley. It is widely held that he was shot by supporters of the conservative political party of Jamaica, the Jamaica Labour Party. However, there is little evidence to support this. Though the police never caught the gunmen, Marley devotees claimed to have later "caught up" with them on the streets of Kingston.
[编辑] Later career
Rastaman Vibration made big waves in the US charts on its release. The success got reggae and Marley more mileage besides a recognition for his peace efforts. "War" brought the message of Haile Selassie loud and clear to the young generation.
Bob Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and went to England, where he recorded both Exodus and Kaya. Survival followed in 1979. In early 1980 he was invited to perform at the Zimbabwe Independence Day celebrations on April 17, 1980. His last concert was held at the Stanley Theater in Pittsburgh on September 23, 1980.
