片利共生
维基百科，自由的百科全书
片利共生 是指在生物界中，某兩物種間的生態關系，其中一種的生物會因這個關系而獲得生存上的利益，但是，另一方的生物在這個關系中，並沒有獲得任何益處，但也沒有獲得任何害處，只是帶動對方去獲取利益。
在中文中，我們會以共生者來表示獲得利益的一方；而英文，則以 「commensal」一詞表示，本意為「分享食物（sharing of food）」；事實上「commensal」一詞是來自拉丁語的「com mensa」，原意為「共用餐桌（sharing a table）」。
而帶動對方去獲取利益的一方，則為寄主（host）。
目录 |
[编辑] 在生態學上的片利共生
在生態學的交互作用中，片利共生是需要共生者與寄主雙方持續及有效地一直發展或維持。這不論是長時間的共生關係或是短時間的；由弱的互動關係至強的，也是需要一直發展或維持，才能達到一個完善的片利共生。
起初，片利共生一詞一般是指
[编辑] Phoresy
One animal attaching to another animal for transportation only. This concerns mainly arthropods, examples of which are mites on insects (such as beetles, flies, or bees), pseudoscorpions on mammals and millipedes on birds. Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).
[编辑] Inquiline|Inquilinism
Using a second organism for housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) which grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees.
[编辑] Metabiosis
A more indirect dependency, in which the second organism uses something the first created, however after the death of the first. An example is the hermit crabs who use gastropod shells to protect their bodies.
[编辑] ？
The question of whether the relationship between humans and some types of our gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered.
Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example, epiphytes are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of mineral nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant. Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis.
[编辑] 參見
- Myrmecophile
[编辑] 參考文獻
- W.K.CHAN S.F.CHU S.W.KONG "New Biology a modern approach 1", ISBN:962-469-524-5
- Lance A. Durden (2001) Pseudoscorpions Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 204-206
- Karel Tajovsky et al. (2001) Millipedes (Diplopoda) in birds’ nests. European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.37, pp.321-323
- Benzing, D.H. 1980. Biology of the Bromeliads. Eureka, California: Mad River Press.
| 生態系統 |
|---|
| 食物鏈 | 營養級 | 生物圈 | 生態塔 |
| 生產者 | 消費者 | 分解者 |
| 交互作用：互利共生 | 片利共生 | 偏害共生 | 寄生 | 捕食 | 競爭 |
