Athol Fugard

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Harold Athol Lannigan Fugard (b. June 11, 1932, Middleburg, South Africa), better known as Athol Fugard, is a South African playwright. His wife, Sheila Fugard, and their daughter, Lisa Fugard, are also writers.

Contents 1 Overview 2 Plays 3 Books 4 Films of his plays 5 Films appeared in 6 Awards 7 References 8 See also 9 External links

[edit] Overview

His family moved to Port Elizabeth soon after he was born. In 1938, he was enrolled at the Marist Brothers College — a Catholic primary school (although he is not known to be a Roman Catholic). After being awarded a scholarship, he enrolled at the local technical college for his secondary education. He then enrolled in the University of Cape Town but dropped out. He sailed around the world working on ships (mainly in the Far East).

Fugard married Sheila Meiring, then an actress in one of his plays, in September 1956. She later became a novelist and poet in her own right. They started the Circle Players in Port Elizabeth before moving to Johannesburg where he was employed as a court clerk.

Working in the court environment and seeing how the Africans suffered under the pass laws provided Fugard with a firsthand insight into the injustice and pain of apartheid.

Working with a group of black actors (including Zakes Mokae), Fugard wrote his first play No Good Friday. Returning to Port Elizabeth in the early 1960s, he worked with a group of actors whose first performance was in the former snake pit of the zoo, hence the name The Serpent Players.

The political slant of his plays bought him into conflict with the government. In order to avoid prosecution, he started to take his plays overseas. After Blood Knot, was produced in England, his passport was withdrawn for four years. In 1962, he publicly supported an international boycott against segregated theatre audiences which lead to further restrictions.

He worked extensively with two black actors John Kani and Winston Ntshona and workshopped three plays viz. Sizwe Bansi Is Dead, The Island and Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act.

The early plays workshopped with Kani and Ntshona were staged in black areas for a night and then the cast moved to the next venue – probably a dimly lit church hall or community centre. The audience was normally poor migrant labourers and the residents of hostels in the townships. The plays at this time were political and mirrored the frustrations in the lives of the audience. It really was live theatre – the audience used be drawn in to the drama, applauding, crying and interjecting. The plays were workshopped in the fullest sense of the word. Fugard used the feedback to improve the plays – expanding the parts that worked and deleting some that didn’t.

For example in Sizwe Banzi is Dead, migrant worker Bansi can only survive by assuming someone else's identity and getting the important apartheid pass in order to get a job. When he debates how Sizwe would effectively “die” and whether the sacrifice would be worth it, the audience would cry out “Go on. Do it.”, because they appreciated that without a pass you were effectively a non-entity.

Sets and props were improvised from whatever was available which helps to explain the minimalist sets that productions of these plays utilise. In 1971, the restrictions against Fugard were eased, allowing him to travel to England in order to direct Boesman and Lena. Master Harold...and the Boys, written in 1982 is a semi-autobiographical work.

Fugard showed he was against injustice on both sides of the fence with his play My Children! My Africa! where he attacked the ANC for deciding to boycott African schools as he realised the damage it would cause a generation of African pupils. With the demise of apartheid, Fugard's first two postapartheid plays Valley Song and The Captain's Tiger focused on personal rather than political issues.

His plays are regularly produced and have won many awards (see below). Some have been filmed. Fugard made his directorial debut in 1992 with the film version of The Road to Mecca. In 2006 the film Tsotsi, based on his novel of that name, won an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film.

Iain Fisher has broken his plays into the following periods:

• Apprenticeship (up to 1957)
• Social Realism (1958 to 1961)
• Chamber Theatre (1961 to 1970)
• Improvised Theatre (1966-1973)
• Poetic Symbolism (1975 onwards).

[edit] Plays

• Statements 1974, ISBN 0-19-281170-3, Oxford University Press
• Three Port Elizabeth plays: Blood Knot; Hello and Goodbye; Boesman and Lena 1974, ISBN 0-19-211366-6, Oxford University Press
• Sizwe Bansi is dead and The Island 1976 ISBN 0-670-64784-5, Viking Press
• The Guest: an episode in the life of Eugene Marais (co-authored by Ross Devenish) 1977, ISBN 0-949937-36-3, A.D. Donker
• Die besoeker: 'n episode in die lewe van Eugene Marais Athol Fugard en Ross Devenish; vertaal deur (translated by) Wilma Stockenstrom 1977, ISBN 0-949937-43-6, A.D. Donker (This is an Afrikaans translation of The Guest)
• Dimetos and two early plays 1977, ISBN 0-19-211390-9, Oxford University Press
• Boesman and Lena and other plays 1980, ISBN 0-19-570197-6, Oxford University Press
• Selected plays of Fugard 1980, ISBN 0-582-78129-9, Longman
• A Lesson from Aloes: A Play 1981, Oxford University Press
• Marigolds in August 1982, ISBN 0-86852-008-X, A. D. Donker
• Boesman and Lena 1983, ISBN 0-19-570331-6, Oxford University Press
• People are Living There 1983, ISBN 0-19-570332-4, Oxford University Press
• The Road to Mecca: a play in two acts (suggested by the life and work of Helen Martins of New Bethesda) 1985, ISBN 0-571-13691-5, Faber and Faber
• Selected plays [including] Master Harold...and the Boys 1987, ISBN 0-19-281929-1, Oxford University Press (comprises Master Harold...and the Boys; Blood Knot (new version); Hello and Goodbye; Boesman and Lena)
• A Place with the Pigs: a personal parable 1988, ISBN 0-571-15114-0, Faber and Faber
• My Children! My Africa! and selected shorter plays; edited by Stephen Gray 1990, ISBN 1-86814-117-9, Witwatersrand University Press
• Blood Knot and other plays 1991, ISBN 1-55936-019-4, Theatre Communications Group
• Playland and other words 1992, ISBN 1-86814-219-1, Witwatersrand University Press
• The Township Plays 1993 edited by Dennis Walder, ISBN 0-19-282925-4, Oxford University Press (comprises No-good Friday; Nongogo; The Coat; Sizwe Bansi Is Dead)
• Cousins: a memoir 1994, ISBN 1-86814-278-7, Witwatersrand University Press
• Hello and Goodbye 1994, ISBN 0-19-571099-1, Oxford University Press
• Valley Song 1996, ISBN 0-571-17908-8, Faber and Faber
• The Captain's Tiger 1997, ISBN 1-86814-324-4, Witwatersrand University Press
• Athol Fugard: plays 1998, ISBN 0-571-19093-6, Faber and Faber
• Interior plays 2000, ISBN 0-19-288035-7, Oxford University Press
• Port Elizabeth plays 2000, ISBN 0-19-282529-1, Oxford University Press
• Sorrows and Rejoicings 2002
• Exits and Entrances 2004 - made its world premiere at the Fountain Theatre in Los Angeles, with Morlan Higgins and William Dennis Hurley

[edit] Books

• Notebooks 1960-1977 1983, ISBN 0-86852-011-X, A.D. Donker
• Tsotsi: a novel 1989, ISBN 0-86852-141-8, A.D. Donker. Reissued by Grove Press, U.S. edition, 2006. ^[1] Reissued by Cannongate, UK edition, 2006. ^[2]

[edit] Films of his plays

• 1976 Boesman and Lena
• 1984 Master Harold...and the Boys
• 1984 Marigolds in August
• 1992 The Road to Mecca
• 2000 Boesman and Lena
• 2005 Tsotsi

[edit] Films appeared in

• 1976 Boesman and Lena played Boesman
• 1977 The Guest At Steenkampskraal played Eugene Marais
• 1979 Meetings with Remarkable Men played Professor Skridlov
• 1982 Gandhi played General Smuts
• 1984 The Killing Fields played Doctor Sundesval
• 1984 Marigolds in August played Paulus Olifant
• 1992 The Road to Mecca played the Reverend Marius Byleveld

[edit] Awards

• Obie Award
  • 1970–1971 - Best Foreign Play - Boesman and Lena
• 29th Annual Tony Award
  • 1974-1975 - Best Play - Sizwe Banzi is Dead/The Island - Athol Fugard, John Kani and Winston Ntshona
• New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards
  • 1980–1981 - Best Play - A Lesson From Aloes
  • 1987-1988 - Citation for Best Foreign Play - The Road to Mecca
• London Evening Standard Award for Best Play
  • 1983 - Master Harold...and the Boys
• Writers Guild Awards for Outstanding Achievement
  • 1986 - Evelyn F. Burkey Memorial Award - Athol Fugard and Lloyd Richards
• The Audie Awards
  • 1999 - Theatrical Productions - The Road to Mecca

[edit] References

1. ^ Fugard, Athol (28). Tsotsi (Trade paperback) (in English), New York: Grove Press, 256. ISBN 0-8021-4268-0. Retrieved on Error: invalid time. 
2. ^ Fugard, Athol (2). Tsotsi (Paperback) (in English), Edinburgh: Cannongate Book, 240. ISBN 1-84195-566-3. Retrieved on Error: invalid time. 

[edit] See also

• List of playwrights

[edit] External links

• The Literary Encyclopedia entry for Athol Fugard
• An Athol Fugard site by Iain Fisher
• Athol Fugard at the Internet Movie Database
• Index of links to articles in Hofstra University's Winter 1993 Athol Fugard issue of Twentieth Century Literature

Persondata
NAME	Harold Athol Lannigan Fugard
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Athol Fugard
SHORT DESCRIPTION	South African playwright
DATE OF BIRTH	June 11, 1932
PLACE OF BIRTH	Middleburg, South Africa
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH