Bolesław Prus
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Bolesław Prus (pronounced: 
[bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; August 20, 1847 – May 19, 1912), born Aleksander Głowacki, was a Polish journalist, short-story writer, and novelist of the Polish "Positivist" period that followed the suppression of the 1863 Uprising. He is one of the most important figures in Polish letters, and one of the most distinctive voices in world literature.
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An indelible mark was left on Prus by his experiences as a 15-year-old soldier in the 1863 Uprising, in which he suffered severe battle contusions and imprisonment by Tsarist Russian authorities. At age 25 he settled into a distinguished 40-year career in journalism. As a sideline, he began writing short stories.
Between 1886 and 1895, Prus completed four major novels. Perennial favorites with his countrymen are The Doll (Lalka) and Pharaoh (Faraon). The Doll describes the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by the backwardness of his society. Pharaoh, Prus' only historical novel, while reflecting the Polish national experience, also offers a unique vision of ancient Egypt at the fall of its 20th Dynasty and New Kingdom.
[edit] Life
Born Aleksander Głowacki, Bolesław Prus fought in Poland's 1863 Uprising, the orphaned younger brother of an insurgent leader, Leon Glowacki. (Leon during the Uprising developed a mental illness that would end only with his death in 1907.) Prus on September 1, 1863, twelve days after his sixteenth birthday, suffered severe battle contusions and was captured by Tsarist Russian forces. Eventually released on account of his youth, in 1866 he completed high school and enrolled in science at Warsaw University.
His studies were cut short by financial straits and dissatisfaction with the educational experience. In 1869 he enrolled at the newly opened Agricultural and Forestry Institute in Puławy, in which town he had spent part of his childhood; he was, however, soon expelled after a classroom confrontation with a Russian professor. Henceforth he studied on his own while supporting himself as a tutor, factory worker, and from 1872 a journalist. Journalism would become his school of writing.
After he began regular weekly newspaper columns, his finances stabilized, permitting him to marry a cousin. The couple never had children of their own. A foster son — the model for Rascal in chapter 48 of Pharaoh — would in 1904, at age eighteen, shoot himself dead on the doorstep of an unrequited love. Prus may in 1906, at fifty-nine, have had a son who would die in a German camp after the suppression of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising.
Prus, as a disciple of August Comte's Positivist philosophy — although he was a talented writer, at first best known for his humorist writing — early on thought little of his journalistic and literary productions; hence he adopted the pen name "Prus," "Prus I" being his family coat-of-arms.
In 1882 he assumed the editorship of a [Warsaw] daily, resolving to make it "an observatory of societal facts" — an instrument for fostering the development of his country, which between 1772 and 1795 had been partitioned out of political existence by three of its neighbors. After less than a year, however, Nowiny (News) folded, and Prus resumed writing columns.
In time Prus adopted the French critic Hippolyte Taine's concept of the arts, including literature, as a second means, alongside the sciences, of studying reality; and as a sideline he turned his hand to penning short stories.
Eventually he would compose four major novels on great questions of the day: The Outpost (1886) on the Polish peasant; The Doll (1889) on the aristocracy and townspeople, and on idealists struggling to bring about social reforms; The New Woman (1893) on feminist concerns; and his only historical novel, Pharaoh (1895), on mechanisms of political power.
Pharaoh, depicting the demise of Egypt's New Kingdom three thousand years earlier, also reflects Poland's loss of independence a century before, in 1795: an independence whose post-World War I restoration Prus would not live to see. On May 19, 1912, at his Warsaw apartment, Prus' forty-year journalistic and literary career ended with his death. The beloved agoraphobic author was mourned by the nation that he had striven, as soldier, thinker and writer, to rescue from oblivion.
[edit] Legacy
Half a century later, on December 3, 1961, a museum devoted to Prus was opened in the Małachowski Palace at Nałęczów, where Prus had vacationed for thirty years.
It has been observed that, while Prus espoused a Positivist outlook, much in his fiction writing shows qualities compatible with pre-1863-Uprising Polish Romantic literature (although he himself wrote little verse). Indeed, he held some of the Polish Romantic poets, such as Adam Mickiewicz, in high regard. Prus' novels in turn, especially The Doll and Pharaoh, with their innovative composition techniques, blazed the way for the 20th-century Polish novel.
The Doll was considered by Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz to be the best Polish novel. The New Woman was pronounced by Joseph Conrad to be "better than Dickens!" (a favorite author of Conrad's). Pharaoh, a brilliant evocation of "the oldest civilization in the world," became Joseph Stalin's favorite novel, prefigured the fate of President John F. Kennedy, and continues to point analogies to our own times.
The Doll and Pharaoh, two of the preeminent achievements in Polish literature, are available in good English translations. In addition, The Doll has been filmed several times and been produced as a late-1970s television miniseries, while Pharaoh was adapted into a 1966 blockbuster feature film.
In 1897-99 Prus serialized in the Warsaw Daily Courier (Kurier Codzienny) a monograph on The Most General Life Ideals (Najogólniejsze ideały życiowe), which systematized ethical ideas that he had developed over his career regarding happiness, utility and perfection in the lives of individuals and societies. In it he returned to the society-organizing (i.e. political) interests that had been frustrated during his Nowiny editorship fifteen years earlier. A book edition appeared in 1901 (2nd, revised edition, 1905). This work, rooted in Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian philosophy and Herbert Spencer's view of society-as-organism, retains interest especially for philosophers and social scientists. (A passage from the book is on Wikisource: see below.)
Another of Prus' learned projects remained incomplete at his death. He had sought, over his writing career, to develop a coherent theory of literary composition. Intriguing extant notes from 1886-1912 were never put together into a finished book as intended. Particularly provocative fragments describe Prus' combinatorial calculations of the millions of potential "individual types" of human characters, given a stated number of "individual traits."
[edit] A comparative-literature aspect
There is a curious comparative-literature aspect to Prus' career, which shows striking parallels with that of his American contemporary, Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914). Each was born and reared in a rural area, and had a "Polish" connection (Bierce grew up in Kosciusko County, Indiana, and attended high school at the county seat, Warsaw). Each became a war casualty with combat head trauma — Prus in 1863, in the Polish 1863-64 Uprising; Bierce in 1864, in the American Civil War.
Each, after false starts in other occupations, at twenty-five, for the next forty years, became a journalist; failed to sustain a career as editor-in-chief; attained celebrity as a short-story writer; lost a son in tragic circumstances (Prus, a foster son; Bierce, both his sons); achieved superb humorous effects by portraying human egoism (Prus especially in Pharaoh, Bierce in The Devil's Dictionary); was dogged from early adulthood by a health problem (Prus, agoraphobia; Bierce, asthma); and died within two years of the other (Prus, in 1912; Bierce, presumably in 1914). Prus, however, unlike Bierce, went on from short stories to write novels.
[edit] Chief novels
- The Outpost (Placówka, 1886)
- The Doll (Lalka, 1889)
- The New Woman (Emancypantki, 1893)
- Pharaoh (Faraon, 1895)
[edit] See also
- "Mold of the Earth" (a micro-story by Bolesław Prus).
- "Shades" (a micro-story by Bolesław Prus).
- Prose poetry
- "A Legend of Old Egypt" (a short story by Bolesław Prus).
- Polish literature.
- Young Poland.
- List of novelists.
- History of philosophy in Poland
[edit] References
- Zygmunt Szweykowski, Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 2nd edition, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1972.
- Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
- Gabriela Pauszer-Klonowska, Ostatnia miłość w życiu Bolesława Prusa (The Last Love in the Life of Bolesław Prus), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1962.
- Stanisław Fita, ed., Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie (Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1962.
- Stefan Melkowski, Poglądy estetyczne i działalność krytycznoliteracka Bolesława Prusa (Bolesław Prus' Esthetic Views and Literary-Critical Activity), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1963.
- Zbigniew Wróblewski, To samo ramię (The Same Hand), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1984.
- Zdzisław Najder, Conrad under Familial Eyes, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 052125082X.
- Christopher Kasparek, introduction to "Two Micro-stories by Bolesław Prus," The Polish Review, vol. XL, no. 1, 1995, pp. 99-103.
- Christopher Kasparek, "A Futurological Note: Prus on H.G. Wells and the Year 2000," The Polish Review, vol. XLVIII, no. 1, 2003, pp. 89-100. (In a January 1909 newspaper column, Prus discussed H.G. Wells' 1901 book, Anticipations, including Wells' prediction that by the year 2000, following the defeat of German imperialism "on land and at sea," there would be a European Union that would reach eastward to include the western Slavs—the Poles, Czechs and Slovaks. The latter peoples, along with the Hungarians and six other countries, did in fact join the European Union in 2004.)
[edit] External links
