Internationalization and localization

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Internationalization and localization^[1] are means of adapting products such as publications, hardware or software for non-native environments, especially other nations and cultures.

Screenshot of software programs localised to Italian.

1 Scope
2 Difficulties
3 Methods
4 Relation to globalization
5 Relation to localization
6 Product localization
7 Software localization
8 Game localization
9 Alternative names
10 Notes
11 Books
12 See also
13 External links
- 13.1 Wikibooks

[edit] Scope

Focal points of internationalization and localization efforts include:

Language
- Computer-encoded text
  - Alphabets/scripts; different systems of numerals; left-to-right script vs. right-to-left scripts. Most recent systems use the Unicode to solve many of these character encoding problems.
- Graphical representations of text (printed materials, online images containing text)
- Spoken (Audio)
- sub-titles to video
Date/time format, including use of different calendars
Formatting of numbers (decimal points, positioning of separators, character used as separator)
Time zones (UTC in internationalized environments)
Currency
Images and colors: issues of comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness
Names and titles
Government assigned numbers (such as the Social Security number in the US, National Insurance number in the UK) and passports
Telephone numbers, addresses and international postal codes
Weights and measures
Paper sizes

The distinction between internationalization and localization is subtle but important. Internationalization is the adaptation of products for potential use virtually everywhere, while localization is the addition of special features for use in a specific locale. The processes are complementary, and must be combined to lead to the objective of a system that works globally. Subjects unique to localization include:

Language translation,
National varieties of languages (see language localization)
Special support for certain languages such as East Asian languages
Local customs,
Local content
Symbols
Order of sorting
Aesthetics
Cultural values and social context

[edit] Difficulties

In making software products, internationalization and localization pose challenging tasks for developers, particularly if the software is not designed from the beginning with these concerns in mind. A common practice is to separate textual data and other environment-dependent resources from the program code. Thus, supporting a different environment, ideally, only requires change in those separate resources without code modification; greatly simplifying the task.

The development team needs someone who understands foreign languages and cultures and has a technical background; such a person may be difficult to find. Moreover, the duplication of resources could be a maintenance nightmare. For instance, if a message displayed to the user in one of several languages is modified, all of the translated versions must be changed. Software libraries that aid this task are available, such as gettext.

Since open source software can generally be freely modified and redistributed, it is more prone to internationalization. Most proprietary software is only available in languages considered to be economically viable whereas the KDE project, for example, has been translated into over 70 languages.

[edit] Methods

The current prevailing practice is for applications to place text in resource strings which are loaded during program execution as needed. These strings, stored in resource files, are relatively easy to translate. Programs are often built to reference resource libraries depending on the selected locale data.

Thus to get an application to support multiple languages one would design the application to select the relevant language resource file at runtime. Resource files are translated to the required languages. This method tends to be application-specific and at best, vendor-specific. The code required to manage date entry verification and many other locale-sensitive data types also must support differing locale requirements. Modern development systems and operating systems include sophisticated libraries for international support of these types. However, many development environments still lack full Unicode support, which drastically hampers the translation effort, especially to East Asian languages.

New methods are evolving all the time to handle these complex issues. One such method, known as NLSO or Natural Language Support Objects can be found on nlso-web.sf.net, uses databases to store resource strings. Another approach is the elimination of all references to culture, politics, history, etc.; avoidance of images (especially text embedded in images); and use of a controlled language. An example of an implementation of these principles is Uwe Muegge's website that uses Google's machine translation system to create virtual versions of his site in ten languages.

[edit] Relation to globalization

Internationalization is sometimes used interchangeably with globalization to refer to economic and cultural effects of an increasingly interconnected world.

While internationalization most commonly refers to the addition of a framework for multiple language support, especially in software, it sometimes refers to the process whereby something (a corporation, idea, highway, war, etc.) comes to affect multiple nations. This usage is rare; globalization is preferred. Because of globalization, many companies and products are found in multiple countries worldwide, giving rise to increasing localization requirements.

Localization may describe production of goods nearer to end users to reduce environmental and other external costs of globalization.

[edit] Relation to localization

In software development, after a product has been internationalized, "localization" refers to the process of making it ready for a specific market.

So you can refer to a product as being "internationalized" if it has been developed to meet most of the needs of an international community, but not yet customized to a specific region. The customization to a specific region is called "localization".

[edit] Product localization

Product localization consists of adapting products to a local market and/or culture.

E.g. Car manufacturers will adapt models to suit the Chinese market from/to versions from the western market, both of which have specific tastes. Another good example is themed dolls, in Muslim countries they will sport hijabs whereas their European counterparts tend not to.

[edit] Software localization

Software localization is a process of translating software user interfaces from one language to another and adapting it to suit a foreign culture. This process is labor-intensive and often requires significant efforts from development teams. There are tools that can simplify the localization process. A lot of these projects get outsourced to specialized companies to cut costs.

Software localization can also refer to adapting software from one culture to another. During localization, some references to history or culture are replaced with an equivalent native reference which ideally does not change the meaning of the statement.

[edit] Game localization

Game localization is the process of translating entertainment software products (i.e. video games) from one language/culture to another. English tends to be the pivot language, (independently of what the development language was). Many games nowadays are simultaneously released in English and at least four other languages: French, Italian, German, Spanish (generally abbreviated as FIGS).

As the international demand for video games rises, successful titles depend on their adaptation to various cultures and languages in a slightly different way from other audiovisual creations such as films. These products tap into a very emotional activity within society: “play”. It is “play” that first bonds us to our own culture and history, to what we see as normal, fun, appropriate, or funny. Semiotics play a great part on this adaptation since the function of signs and symbols in natural languages can be significantly different from one culture to another, differences that extend from the syntactic layer of communication, to the semantic and the pragmatic one. Some of these disparities may be so small they are easily adaptable, but many other can be notably distinct or even contradictory, so translators may have a challenging task ahead because their input might require the alteration of the actual game in some cases.

In console gaming, localization also describes the controversial process of designing consoles and cartridges so as to make cartridges unplayable outside of the geographic regions for which they were intended. For example, a European cartridge might not function in a North American machine. Additionally, it entails the change of dialogue and plot elements to better suit the country's audience. One reason for doing this is local censorship variations; the rules of censorship for Nintendo of America may be different than those in Japan. The 'localized' titles underwent censorship are typically regarded as inferior to original, and with the advent of widely available broadband Internet connections, also affects sales of localized product.

[edit] Alternative names

Internationalization is often abbreviated as the numeronym i18n (or I18n or I18N) where the number 18 refers to the number of letters omitted (nternationalizatio).^[2]^[3] Localization is often abbreviated L10n or l10n in the same manner. (The most common forms are i18n and L10n, respectively. These forms won out because many fonts do not readily distinguish uppercase "I" and lowercase "l", but lowercase "i" and uppercase "L" are always clear.) These abbreviations also avoid picking one spelling (internationalisation vs. internationalization, etc.) over the other. Both notions are sometimes collectively termed globalization (g11n), but that word has a more common meaning. Also seen in some circles, but less commonly, are "p13n" for personalization, "m17n" for multilingualization, and "r3h" for reach, as in the reach of a website across countries and markets. A related concept is a11y (accessibility), which is concerned with adapting products for people with disabilities or age-related limitations.

[edit] Notes

^ In some regions outside of the United States, the spelling variants internationalisation and localisation are more common.
^ Origin Of The Abbreviation I18n. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.
^ W3C Internationalization (I18n) Activity. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.

[edit] Books

.NET Internationalization: The Developer's Guide to Building Global Windows and Web Applications, Guy Smith-Ferrier, Addison-Wesley Professional, 7 August 2006. ISBN 0-321-34138-4
A Practical Guide to Localization, Bert Esselink, John Benjamins Publishing, [2000]. ISBN 1-58811-006-0