Kanazukai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kanazukai (仮名遣?) is an aspect of Japanese orthography that expresses a system of rules for writing Japanese in kana.
Kana is a phonographic writing system and spelling is generally based on the pronunciation. However, pronunciation changes over time and phonemic distinctions are often lost. Various systems were introduced to deal with these issues.
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[edit] Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
An archaic kanazukai in which Man'yōgana distinguishes between two particular sets phonemes that have since merged into a single phoneme. Also, /e, ye/ are distinct.
[edit] Teika Kanazukai
A kanazukai created by Fujiwara no Teika which distinguishes between /wo, o/, /i, hi, wi/, and /e, we, he/. /wo, o/ were used to express high and low accent, respectively. There is also an attempt to distinguish between /e, ye/.
[edit] Gyōa Kanazukai
A kanazukai created by Minamoto no Chikayuki and Gyōa which expanded on the existing Teika Kanazukai by adding rules to distinguish between /ho/, /wa, ha/, /u, hu/, and /mu/. /wo, o/ are still used to distinguish between high and low accent. However, the distinction between /e, ye/ is obliterated. Also known as Kanamojizukai.
[edit] Keichū Kanazukai
A kanazukai created by Keichū. See Rekishiteki Kanazukai.
[edit] Rekishiteki Kanazukai
A kanazukai based on kana usage as found in historical texts. Created by Keichū in the early Edo period, it is primarily based on Man'yōgana usage up though the 10th century. The main kanazukai until Gendai Kanazukai was introduced in 1946. Also known as Kyū-kanazukai.
[edit] Gendai Kanazukai
An orthography based on Rekishiteki Kanazukai with revisions to better approximate modern pronunciation. Proclaimed by the cabinet on November 16, 1946 and amended in 1986, it is still the present kanazukai used to write Japanese. As an adaption of a Rekishiteki Kanazukai, it is not entirely phonetic especially in respect to long vowels and particles. Also known as Shin-kanazukai.
[edit] Kyū-kanazukai
When Gendai Kanazukai was declared in 1946, it was known as "Shin-kanazukai" meaning "New Kanazukai". The existing system was renamed "Kyū-kanazukai", or "Old Kanazukai". See Rekishiteki Kanazukai.
[edit] Shin-kanazukai
The "New kanazukai" that was declared in 1946. Also known as Gendai Kanazukai. See Kyū-kanazukai.
[edit] Kokugo Kanazukai
A kanazukai for writing native Japanese words as opposed to foreign loan words. See Jion Kanazukai.
[edit] Jion Kanazukai
A kanazukai for spelling kanji with kana. Based on Rekishiteki Kanazukai, characters that are now homonymous may be distinguished by their historical spelling.
[edit] Hyōonshiki Kanazukai
A kanazukai based strictly on pronunciation. See Hatsuonshiki Kanazukai.
[edit] Hatsuonshiki Kanazukai
See Hyōonshiki Kanazukai.
[edit] Bōbiki Kanazukai
A kanazukai in which long vowels are expressed by appending the character ー. Introduced in elementary school reforms of 1900, but soon abolished in September 1908.
