Polish Round Table Agreement
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The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from February 6 to April 4, 1989. The government initiated the discussion with the banned trade union Solidarność and other opposition groups in an attempt to defuse growing social unrest. Following the factory strikes of the early 1980s and the subsequent formation of the (then still underground) Solidarity movement under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa the political situation in Poland started relaxing somewhat. Despite an attempt by the government to crackdown on the [anti-Communist sentiments] the times were changing and it became impossible to hold off change anymore. In addition there was fear of a social explosion due to economic malaise and runaway inflation that had depressed Polish living standards and deepened public anger and frustration. By 1988 the authorities began serious talks with the opposition.
In September of 1988 a secret meeting was held which included amongst others the opposition leader Lech Wałęsa and Minister of Internal Affairs Czesław Kiszczak. They agreed on holding the so-called Round Table talks in the near future to plan out the course of action to be undertaken in the country. The Round Table talks began on February 6th 1989. They included the solidarity opposition faction and the coalition government faction. The talks were held in the Council of Ministers Office. The meetings were co-chaired by Lech Wałęsa and Czesław Kiszczak.
The Polish Communists, led by Gen. Jaruzelski, hoped to co-opt prominent opposition leaders into the ruling group without making major changes in the political power structure. In reality, the talks radically altered the shape of the Polish government and society. The events in Poland precipitated and gave momentum to the fall of the entire Communist bloc; the Yalta arrangement collapsed soon after the events in Poland.
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[edit] The Sessions
The sessions were divided into three main workgroups:
- Political reform workgroup
- Union pluralism and party pluralism workgroup
- Economy and social issues workgroup
Specific issues were handled by these workgroups. The meetings often ground to a halt. This was caused by a mutual distrust of the factions and an obvious unwillingness of the government faction to relinquish power. The most controversial issues were:
- Pay rises and indexation
- Future pluralist elections
- The limit of the future president's competence
- The limit of competence for the future Sejm and Senate
- The access to mass communication media by opposition forces
Number of (radical) opposition organisations were quite opposed to the talks. They did not believe in the good intentions of the sitting government. Despite their fears a number of important documents were signed on April 5th at the conclusion of the sessions. These documents became known as the Round Table Agreement.
[edit] The Aftermath
An agreement ("Round Table Agreement") was signed on April 4, 1989. The most important postulates were:
- Legalisation of independent trade unions
- The introduction of the office of President (thereby annulling the power of the Communist party general secretary) who would be elected to 6 year terms
- The formation of a Senate
As a result, real political power was vested in a newly created bicameral legislature and in a president who would be the chief executive. Solidarność became a legitimate and legal political party. Free election to 35% of the seats in Sejm and an entirely free election to the Senate was assured.
The election of 4 June 1989 brought a landslide victory to Solidarność: 99% of all the seats in the Senate and 35% of all possible seats in Sejm. Jaruzelski, whose name was the only one the Communist Party allowed on the ballot for the presidency, won by just one vote in the National Assembly. The 65-35 division was soon abolished as well, after the first truly free Sejm elections.
The Round Table sessions were of momentous importance to the future political developments in Poland. They paved the way to a free and democratic Poland as well as the final abolition of communism in Poland. Poland has now truly entered a new chapter in its history. The changes were so large as to allow the formation of a libertarian party: Unia Polityki Realnej under the leadership of Janusz Korwin-Mikke. This would have been unthinkable only a few short months prior to the talks.
[edit] Key Players
List by alphabet:
[edit] Opposition
- Piotr Baumgart
- Zbigniew Bujak
- Andrzej Celiński
- Jan Dworak
- Władysław Frasyniuk
- Bronisław Geremek
- Jarosław Kaczyński
- Lech Kaczyński
- Krzysztof Kozłowski
- Wiktor Kulerski
- Zofia Kuratowska
- Jacek Kuroń
- Bogdan Lis
- Tadeusz Mazowiecki
- Jacek Merkel
- Adam Michnik
- Jan Olszewski
- Janusz Onyszkiewicz
- Alojzy Pietrzyk
- Jan Rokita
- Janusz Sanocki
- Jakub Siekielewski
- Krystyna Starczewska
- Andrzej Stelmachowski
- Jerzy Turowicz
- Lech Wałęsa
- Andrzej Wielowieyski
- Stefan Zagrzebski
[edit] Communist coalition
- Władysław Baka
- Stanisław Ciosek
- Kazimierz Cypryniak
- Andrzej Gdula
- Czesław Kiszczak
- Mikołaj Kozakiewicz
- Aleksander Kwaśniewski
- Leszek Miller
- Alfred Miodowicz
- Andrzej Olechowski
- Robert Ostapczuk
- Janusz Reykowski
- Mariusz Szostało
- Marcin Święcicki
