Sejm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For the Lithuanian and Latvian parliaments, see Seimas and Saeima. For the river, see Sejm River.
The Sejm (pronounced: [sɛjm] ) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.
Before the 20th century, the term "Sejm" referred to the entire three-chamber Polish parliament, comprising the lower house (Chamber of Deputies; Polish: Izba Poselska), the upper house (Senate; Polish: Senat) and the King. It was commonly termed a three-estate parliament. Since the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939), the term "Sejm" has referred only to the lower house of the parliament; the upper house is called the "Senat".
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[edit] History
[edit] Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
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The power of early sejms grew during the times of Poland's fragmentation (1146-1295), when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils and wiece grew stronger. The confirmed history of the Sejms dates back to 1182, which was the date of the first Sejm at Łęczyca. However, the Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum of Gallus Anonymus mentions the election in the 9th century of the legendary founder of the Piast dynasty (Siemowit) by a "sejm". This would place the election of a ruler a century before the Icelandic Althing.
From 1493 forward, the indirect elections were repeated every two years. With the development of the unique Polish Golden Liberty the Sejm's powers increased.
The term "sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of the populace. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various sources as latin contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum, parlamentum generale, dieta or Polish sejm walny) have been called by Polish kings. Since 1374 (przywilej koszycki), the king had to receive sejm permission to raise taxes. The General Sejm (Polish Sejm Generalny or Sejm Walny), first convoked by the king John I Olbracht in 1493 near Piotrków, evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings (sejmiks. It followed most closely the sejmik generally), which arose from the 1454 Nieszawa Statutes, granted to the szlachta by King Casimir IV the Jagiellonian. Since 1493 Sejm Walny has been meeting irregularly, on average once a year.
The first Sejm was composed of two chambers:
- A Senat of 81 bishops and other dignitaries
- A lower house, Sejm proper, of 54 deputies (Polish poseł, representing and elected by the local sejmiki)
The number of deputies in the lower chamber grew in number and power as they pressured the king for more privileges. The spur toward action increased when landowners were drafted into military service (pospolite ruszenie). After 1569 Union of Lublin, the Kingdom of Poland was transformed into the federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Sejms number was increased with the inclusion of the deputies from Lithuanian Sejmiks.
Sejms severely limited the king's powers. They had the final decision in legislation, taxation, budget, and treasury matters (including military funding), foreign affairs and ennoblement. In 1573 Sejm guaranteed religious tolerance in the Commonwealth territory, making it a refuge from the ongoing reformation and counter-reformation wars.
Until the Union of Lublin, Sejms were held near Piotrkow in the Warsaw Royal Castle. Since 1673 each third Sejm was to take place in Grodno in Lithuania. It began with a ceremonial mass, the Kanclerz (Chancellor) decreed the king's intentions, and then the senators had a voice. Afterwards, the king and Senate debated on the most important matters (usually foreign affairs), while deputies debated separately under the leadership of the marshal of the sejm. In matters deemed very important, both senat and the sejm debated together in the chamber of the senate. The legislation was drafted in the lower chamber (Sejm). Members of the Sejm presented its proposed legislation to the gathered deputies of the Sejm, where they were discussed at length. The legislation was commonly negotiated by a deputation from the lower house (Sejm) with the upper chamber (Senate) and the reigning monarch (considered to be a third, separate Sejm chamber on his own).
The king could not pass the laws himself without the approval of the Sejm, this being forbidden by szlachta privileges like nihil novi from 1505. According to the "Nihil Novi" constitution a law passed by the Sejm had to be agreed by the three estates (the king, the Senate and deputies from the Sejm). King Henry's Articles, signed by each king since 1573, required the king to call a general sejm (lasting six weeks) every two years, and provisions for the extraordinary sejm (Polish: sejm ekstraordynaryjny, nadzwyczajny) were also set down in this act. Extraordinary sejms could be called in times of national emergency and last shorter, for example, a sejm deciding whether to call pospolite ruszenie should not last longer than two weeks.
The Marshal (or Speaker) of the Sejm concluded the debates, but he was required to ask the members whether his understanding of the chamber's views was correct and unanimously accepted. If anyone declared his opposition (Latin contradictio), the debate would be reopened and would continue until the opponents of the measure abandoned their opposition.
Until the end of 16th century, unanimity, was not required and majority voting was most common. Later, with the rise of the magnates power, unanimity principle was reinforced with the szlachta right of liberum veto (from Latin, meaning: I freely forbid). The pro-majority voting party almost disappeared in the 17th century, and majority voting was preserved only at the confederated sejms (sejm rokoszowy, konny, konfederacyjny). To increase the chance of unanimity agreement voting was delayed until an agreement has been reached (often through lengthy discussions). It was enough if no formal exception was taken by anyone – even if some opposition did exist, it would not necessarily be upheld. If, however, the deputies could not attain even such passive unanimity, or if the chamber's negotiations with the king proved futile, then after six weeks (the upper time limit of its sittings) had elapsed, the deliberations as a whole were declared null and void. Rarely, a deputy from a local sejmik could object to the agreement and be granted an exception from this law, allowing it to pass. From the mid-17th century onwards, any objection to a Sejm resolution from either a deputy or a senator automatically caused other, previously approved resolutions to be rejected. This was because all resolutions passed by a given Sejm formed a whole and were published as constitutions of the Sejm e.g. Anno Domini 1667.
In the 16th century no single person or small group dared to hold up proceedings, but from second half of 17th century the liberum veto was used to paralyze the Sejm and brought the Commonwealth to the brink of collapse. The liberum veto was finally abolished by the Constitution of 3rd May in 1791.
The early statutes passed by the Sejm were called "constitution" (Polish konstytucja or konstytucja sejmowa) and should not be confused with modern meaning of this word. The konstytucja passed by the Sejm had denoted all the legislation, of whatever character, that had been passed at a Sejm. Only with the May 3rd Constitution in 1791 did "konstytucja" assume its modern sense of a fundamental document of governance.
The final version of approved acts (which from the late 15th century until the early 16th century were divided into perpetual and temporary constitutions ('constitutiones perpetuae' and 'constitutiones temporales')) were drawn up at the sealing sessions, held after the close of the Sejm debate. These sessions were attended by the chancellor, the Speaker of the Sejm and members from the Sejm and the Senate. From the end of the 16th century, the constitutions they signed were printed, stamped with the royal seal, and sent to the chancelleries of the municipal councils of all voivodships of the Crown and also to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After 1543 the resolutions were written in Polish rather than Latin. Those resolutions were presented soon after the Sejm to local meetings, known as sejmiki relacyjne. In accordance with the act of 1613, immediately after the close of Sejm debates, the constitutions it had passed were published by entering them in the registers where the Sejm had met. Copies still had to be sent to municipal councils (urzędy grodzkie) throughout the country, where they were added to the municipal registers (księgi grodzkie).
It is estimated that since 1493 and 1793 sejms were held 240 times, and total debate time was 44 years.
Interestingly, the expression 'Polish parliament' (in Swedish: Polsk riksdag) occurs in modern Swedish and Norwegian to denote organizational anarchy and disorder. This is suggested to have originated from comparisons to the veto right in the Polish Sejm during Commonwealth times, which was likely an unthinkable liberty in the authoritarian systems of neighbouring countries, including the Swedish Absolute Monarchy.
[edit] Sejm of the Congress Poland
Parliament of the Congress Poland was composed of the king, the upper house (Senate) and the lower house (Chamber of Deputies or Sejm).
Deputies numbering 128 were chosen for 6 years, with ⅓ of them chosen every 2 years. They had legal immunity. Voting was open to all persons of 21 years or older. Candidates for deputy had to be able to read, write and have a certain amount of wealth. Military personnel had no right to vote.
Parliaments were to be called every 2 years for a period of 30 days. However after it became the scene of many clashes between liberal deputies and conservative government officials, it was in fact called only four times (1818, 1820, 1826, and 1830, with the last two sessions being secret).
Sejm had the right to vote on civil, administrative and legal issues. With permission from the king, it could vote on matters related to the fiscal system and the military. It had the right to control government officials and file petitions.
A Senate numbering 64 was composed of 9 bishops, voivodes and castellans and Russian 'princes of the blood'. It acted as the Parliament Court, had the right to control citizens' books, and similar legislative rights as the Chamber of Deputies.
[edit] Sejm of the Second Polish Republic
During the interwar period when Poland regained indpependence, the first Sejm in 1919 passed the Small Constitution of 1919 which introduced a parliamentary republican system. On 1921 the Sejm was strengthened by the March Constitution of Poland. In 1926 after Józef Piłsudski's May Coup, the Sejm was weakened, particularly by the Polish Constitution of 1935.
[edit] Sejm of the People's Republic of Poland
The Sejm in the People's Republic of Poland had 460 deputies over most of its history. At first this number was declared to represent 1 deputy per 60,000 citizens (425 were elected in 1952), but later as the population grew that connection was dropped from the constitution (in 1960). The constitution stated that the deputies were responsible before the people and could be recalled by the people, but this article was never used. Instead of the Five-point electoral law, a four-point version was used (not proportional). Legislation was passed with majority voting.
The Sejm would vote on the budget as well as on the periodic "national plans" that were a fixture of communist economies. The Sejm would deliberate in sessions, which were called forth by the State Council.
The Sejm would also chose a "presiding" body (Prezydium) from its members, with marshal of the Sejm always being a member of the Polish United Worker's Party. In its first sitting the Sejm would also nominate the Prime Minister together with other ministers (the Council of Ministers of Poland) and members of the State Council. It would also chose many other government officials, including the head of The Supreme Chamber of Control (Najwyższa Izba Kotroli, NIK), members of The State Tribunal (Trybunał Stanu) and Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucjny) as well as the Ombudsman (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich). The latter three institutions were created in the 1980s.
The Senate of Poland was abolished by the Polish people's referendum, 1946 and after this the Sejm became the sole legislative body in Poland.
[edit] Sejm of the Republic of Poland
After the fall of communism in 1989, the Senate was reinstated as the upper house of a bicameral National Assembly, while the Sejm became the lower house. The Sejm now comprises 460 deputies elected by proportional representation every four years.
From 7 to 19 deputies are elected from each electorate using the d'Hondt method, their number being proportional to the electorate's population. Additionally, a threshold is used, so that only candidates from parties which gained at least 5% (8% for registered coalitions) of the nationwide vote can be chosen. Candidates from ethinic minority parties are exempt from this threshold. Finally, the 2001 elections differed slightly from those in previous and subsequent years in that the Sainte-Laguë method, rather than the d'Hondt, was used.
[edit] Standing committees
- Administration and Internal Affairs Committee
- Agriculture and Rural Development Committee
- Committee on Liaison with Poles Abroad
- Constitutional Accountability Committee
- Culture and Media Committee
- Deputies' Ethics Committee
- Economic Committee
- Education, Science and Youth Committee
- Enterprise Development Committee
- Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry Committee
- European Union Affairs Committee
- Family and Women Rights Committee
- Foreign Affairs Committee
- Health Committee
- Infrastructure Committee
- Justice and Human Rights Committee
- Legislative Committee
- Local Self-Government and Regional Policy Committee
- National and Ethnic Minorities Committee
- National Defence Committee
- Physical Education and Sport Committee
- Public Finances Committee
- Rules and Deputies' Affairs Committee
- Social Policy Committee
- Special Services Committee
- State Control Committee
- State Treasury Committee
- Work Committee
[edit] Last election
| Parties | Votes | % | Seats Sejm | +/- | Seats Senat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) | 3,185,714 | 27.0 | 155 | +111 | 49 |
| Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO) | 2,849,259 | 24.1 | 133 | +68 | 34 |
| Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona RP) | 1,347,355 | 11.4 | 56 | +3 | 3 |
| Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD) | 1,335,257 | 11.3 | 55 | -161 | - |
| League of Polish Families (Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR) | 940,726 | 8.0 | 34 | -4 | 7 |
| Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL) | 821,656 | 7.0 | 25 | -17 | 2 |
| Social Democracy of Poland (Socjaldemokracja Polska, SDPL) | 3.9 | - | - | ||
| Democratic Party (Partia Demokratyczna) | 2.5 | - | - | ||
| Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform (Platforma Janusza Korwin-Mikke, PJKM) | 1.6 | - | - | ||
| Patriotic Movement (Ruch Patriotyczny) | 1.1 | - | - | ||
| Polish Labour Party (Polska Partia Pracy, PPP) | 0.8 | - | - | ||
| German Minority Electoral Committee (Komitet Wyborczy Mniejszość Niemiecka) | 34,469 | 0.3 | 2 | ||
| Independents | 5 | ||||
| Total (turnout 40.6 %) | 11,804,676 | 460 | 100 | ||
*Registered voters: 30,338,316
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[edit] See also
- Confederated sejm (Sejm skonfederowany)
- Contract Sejm (Sejm Kontraktowy)
- Convocation Sejm (Sejm konwokacyjny)
- Coronation Sejm (Sejm koronacyjny)
- Election Sejm (Sejm elekcyjny)
- Great Sejm (Sejm Wielki)
- Grodno Sejm (Sejm grodzieński)
- National Assembly of Poland (Zgromadzenie Narodowe)
- Partition Sejm (Sejm rozbiorowy)
- Politics of Poland
- Repnin Sejm (Sejm Repninowski)
- Silent Sejm (Sejm Niemy)
- Silesian Sejm
- Voivodship sejmik (Sejmik wojewódzki)
