Sultan of Egypt
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Sultan of Egypt was the title used for the leader of a number of Muslim dynasties that ruled over Egypt.
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[edit] History
The first to use this title was the Fatimid dynasty that conquered Egypt in 972 and established a dynasty that continued until 1171. They were replaced by the Ayyubid dynasty that initially ruled from both Syria and Egypt, but gradually became mainly centred in Egypt, these rulers can also be referred to as Sultans of Egypt.
The Ayyubids were overthrown by the Bahri dynasty of Mamelukes, professional soldiers, who were succeeded by the Burji Mamelukes.
In 1517 the Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt and for the next several centuries the Ottoman Sultan had sovereignty over Egypt. The Mamelukes rapidly regained most of their power within Egypt, but as vassals of the Ottoman Sultan they were limited to the title of Bey.
When Mehmet Ali overthrew the Mamelukes he gained the title of Bey. Under Ali and his successors Egypt ruled the Ottoman's for power in the Middle East, despite Egypt still being a technical vassal of the Sultan. The Sultan was forced to acknowledge the power of the Egyptian ruler by conferring the title of Khedive on Ismail the Magnificent.
The position of Khedive was abolished by the British in 1914 as war began with the Ottoman Empire.
Only a few years later the Egyptian monarchy was restored with Fuad I. As Egypt had been declared sovereign of the Ottoman Empire, Fuad became the first Sultan of Egypt in several centuries. With Egypt's technical independence from Britain in 1922 Fuad was given the title Malik or King.
[edit] List of Sultans
[edit] Fatimid Sultans
- Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (909-934; founded Fatimid dynasty)
- Muhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah (934-946)
- Isma'il al-Mansur Bi-Nasrillah (946-952)
- Ma'ad al-Muizz Li-Deenillah (952-975; Egypt is conquered during his reign)
- Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah (975-996)
- Husayn al-Hakim Bi-Amrillah (996-1021)
- Ali az-Zahir (1021-1035)
- Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah (1035-1094)
- al-Musta'li (1094-1101)
- al-Amir Bi-Ahkamillah (1101-1130)
- al-Hafiz (1130-1149)
- az-Zafir (1149-1154)
- al-Faiz (1154-1160)
- al-Adid (1160-1171)
[edit] Ayyubid Sultans
- Saladin (1171-1193)
- Al-Aziz (1193-1198)
- Al-Mansur (1198-1200)
- Al-Adil I (1200-1218)
- Al-Kamil (1218-1238)
- Al-Adil II (1238-1240)
- As-Salih Ayyub (1240-1249)
- Turanshah (1249-1250)
- Al-Ashraf II (1250-1254) (nominally, actually the Mamluk Aibek ruled)
[edit] Mamluke Sultans
[edit] Kipchak (Bahari) Mamlukes
- Ezz Eddin Aybak (1250-1257)
- Nur Eddin ben Aybak (1257-1259)
- Muzafar Seif Eddin Qutuz (1259-1260)
- Zahir Rukn Eddin Bybars (1260-1277)
- Said Nasser Eddin Baraka (1277-1279)
- Adel Badr Eddin Salamish (1279)
- Mansour Seif Eddin Qalawoon (1279-1290)
- Ashraf Salah Eddin Khalil (1290-1293)
- Nasser Mohamed Ben Qalawoon (first time) (1293-1294)
- Adel Zeen Eddin Katubgha (1294-1296)
- Mansour Hossam Eddin Lagin (1296-1298)
- Nasser Mohamed Ben Qalawoon (second time) (1298-1309)
- Muzafar Rukn Eddin Bybars (1309)
- Nasser Mohamed Ben Qalawoon (third time) (1309-1340)
- Mansour Seif Eddin Ben Mohamed (1340-1341)
- Ashraf Alladin Ben Mohamed (1341-1342)
- Nasser Shahab El-Dein Ben Mohamed (1342)
- Saleh Emad Eddin Ben Mohamed (1342-1345)
- Kamil Seif Eddin Ben Mohamed (1345-1346)
- Muzafar Zein Eddin Ben Mohamed (1346-1347)
- Nasser Hassan Ben Mohamed (first time)(1347-1351)
- Salah Eddin Saleh Ben Mohamed (1351-1354)
- Nasser Hassan Ben Mohamed (second time) (1354-1361)
- Salah Eddin Mohamed Ben Hagi (1361-1363)
- Ashraf Zeen Eddin Ben Hassan (1363-1376)
- Mansour Aladin Ben Shaban (1376-1381)
- Salih Zeen Edin Hagi (1381-1382)
[edit] Circassian (Burgi) Mamlukes
- Zaher Barqooq (or Berkuk) (1382-1399)
- Farag Ben Barqooq (first time) (1399-1405)
- Abd El-Aziz Ben Barqooq (1405)
- Farag Ben Barqooq (second time) (1405-1412)
- Muyaid Sheikh (1412-1421)
- Ahmed Ben Muyaid (1421)
- Zaher Tatar (1421)
- Nasser Mohamed Ben Tatar (1421)
- Ashraf Barsbay (1422-1438)
- Aziz Gamal Ben Barsabay (1438)
- Zaher Gaqmaq (1438-1453)
- Mansour Osman Ben Gaqmaq (1453)
- Ashraf Inal (1453-1460)
- Muayaid Ahmed Ben Inal (1460)
- Zaher Khoshkadam (1461-1467)
- Seif Eddin Yalbai (1467)
- Zaher Tamarbagha (1467)
- Ashraf Qaitbay (1468-1496)
- Ashraf Mohamed Ben Qaitbay (first time)(1496-1497)
- Qansuh Khumsamaah (1497)
- Ashraf Mohamed Ben Qaitbay (second time)(1497-1498)
- Qansuh Ashrafi (1498-1500)
- Ganblat (1500-1501)
- Adel Tumanbay I (1501)
- Ashraf Qansuh Ghori (1501-1516)
- Tumanbay II (1517)
