Task force
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A task force (TF) is a temporary unit or formation established to work on a single defined task or activity. Originally introduced by the United States Navy, the term has now caught on for general usage and is a standard part of NATO terminology. Many non-military organizations now create "task forces" or task groups for temporary activities that might have once been performed by ad hoc committees.
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[edit] Joint Task Force
In U.S. terminology, now widely adopted, including by NATO, the term Joint implies the combination of more than one military service (i.e. some combination of Army -, Naval - and/or Air forces). Therefore a Joint Task Force (JTF) is a TF which includes more than one service.
[edit] United States DoD
A joint task force (JTF) is a joint force that is constituted and so designated by a JTF establishing authority. A JTF establishing authority may be the Secretary of Defense or the commander of a combatant command, subordinate unified command, or existing JTF. In most situations, the JTF establishing authority will be a combatant commander.
JTFs are established on a geographical area or functional basis when the mission has a specific limited objective and does not require overall centralized control of logistics.
Examples include Joint Task Force Bravo, Joint Task Force Guantanamo, Joint Task Force Lebanon, and Joint Task Force-Global Network Operations.
[edit] Combined Joint Task Force
In U.S. terminology, now widely adopted, including by NATO, the term Combined implies more than one nation. The UK originally started World War II using 'Combined' to denote forces comprised of more than one service, which is how the Combined Operations term originated. However they soon adopted the U.S. usage, and organisations were named accordingly, for example, the Combined Chiefs of Staff. Today a Combined Task Force (CTF) is a TF which includes sub-elements of more than one nation.
A Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) is a task force whic includes elements of more than one service and elements of more than one nation.
See: Combined Joint Task Force 76
[edit] Naval
[edit] United States Navy
The concept of a task force was originally introduced by the United States Navy around the beginning of 1941, as a way to increase flexibility. At the time, ships were collected in divisions, which in turn were collected in numbered squadrons, which comprised a numbered fleet. A task force could be built out of ships from different divisions and squadrons, without having to go through the paperwork entailed by permanent reorganization, and easily dissolved when it was no longer useful. The task force concept worked very well, and by the end of World War II about 100 task forces had been created.
Each task force was assigned a two-digit number. The first digit was originally the number of the fleet, while the second historically differentiated between task forces from the same fleet. It was typically abbreviated, so references like TF 11 are commonly seen. In addition, a task force could be broken into several task groups, identified by decimal points, as in TG 11.2, and finally task units, as in TU 11.2.1. Individual ships are task elements, for example TE 11.2.1.2 would be the second ship in TU 11.2.1.
Some Navy task forces in World War II:
- Task Force 11
- Task Force 16
- Task Force 17
- Task Force 31
- Task Force 34
- Task Force 38
- Task Force 61
- Task Force 80
- Task Force 88
The US Navy still uses task forces, and the Department of Defence often forms a joint task force if the force includes units from other services. In naval terms, the multinational Australian/US/UK/Canadian/NZ Combined Communications-Electronic Board mandates through Allied Communications Publication 113 (ACP 113) the present system, which allocated numbers from TF 1 to apparently TF 999. For example, the French Navy is allocated the series TF 470-474, and Task Force 473 has been used recently for an Enduring Freedom task force deployment built around FS Charles de Gaulle. Note that there is no requirement for uniqueness; for instance, there was a TF 76 in World War II, and a different one in the Vietnam War, as part of the Seventh Fleet.
[edit] Royal Navy
Earlier in the Second World War, the British Royal Navy had devised its own similar system of forces, which were assigned a letter, not a number. For example, the force stationed at Gibraltar was known as Force H, while the force stationed at Singapore in December 1941 was known as Force Z.
[edit] Army
In the United States Army, a task force is a battalion-sized ad hoc unit formed by detaching a mechanized infantry or armor company from its parent unit and attaching a company of the other type in its stead. A company-sized unit with an armored or mechanized infantry unit cross-posted is called team. See Team Yankee.
In the British Army and armies of other Commonwealth countries, such units are known as battlegroups.
[edit] Government
In government or business a task force is tempory organisation created to solve a particular problem. It is considered to be a more formal ad-hoc committee.
[edit] See also
Some task forces have a creative name, e.g. after their commander, such as Dunsterforce
[edit] External links
- http://www.jcs.mil/j6/cceb/acps/ACP113AFMC5.pdf - See Annex A, p 198-99, for current system
- Task force article at Memory Alpha, a Star Trek wiki. (task forces in Star Trek)
