Tongzhi Emperor

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Tongzhi Emperor

Clan name:	Aixin-Jueluo (愛新覺羅) Aisin-Gioro
Given name:	Zaichun (載淳) Dzai Šun
Dates of reign:	November 11, 1861–January 12, 1875
Era name:	Tóngzhì (同治 ; T'ung-chih) Yooningga Dasan
Era dates:	January 30, 1862–February 5, 1875
Temple name:	Muzong (穆宗) Mudzung
Posthumous name: (short)	Emperor Yi (毅皇帝) Filingga hūwangdi
Posthumous name: (full)	Emperor Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Yi 繼天開運受中居正保大定功聖智誠孝信敏恭寬毅皇帝
General note: Names given in Chinese, then in Manchu (full posthumous name in Chinese only).

The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun (April 27, 1856–January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875.

The only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor and the Empress Dowager Cixi, Tongzhi attempted political reform in the period of the Tongzhi Restoration. His first reign name was Qixiang (祺祥; Man: fengšengge sabingga), but this name was later abandoned by Cixi in favour of Tongzhi, a contraction of the classical phrase tóngguī yǔ zhì (Simplified Chinese: 同归与治, Traditional Chinese: 同歸與治), which means "to reform/restore together a state of order", although it has been interpreted as "to rule the state with an united mother/son team" (Simplified and traditional Chinese: 母子同治天下), which fits the description, as his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, wielded the real power and ruled behind the scene. The traditional Chinese political phrase "attending audiences behind a curtain" chuí lián tīng zhèng (Simplified Chinese: 垂帘听政, Traditional Chinese: 垂簾聽政), which had already been used earlier in Chinese history, was used to describe Cixi's rule through her son, the Tongzhi Emperor. The phrase can still be heard in contemporary Chinese politics sometimes.

Tongzhi became an emperor of the age of five when his father, the Xianfeng Emperor died. His birth mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, his father's Empress, the Empress Dowager Ci'an, and his uncle, the Prince Gong, became regents after removing the former regent, Sushun.

Tongzhi married Lady Alute from a Mongol clan and died of smallpox at the age of 18. He had no sons to succeed him. Folklore say that Tongzhi died from a sexually transmitted disease, particularly syphilis, due to his alleged affairs with prostitutes outside of the palace, and that the smallpox diagnosis was given only because the mere discussions of sexually transmitted diseases in China is a taboo, even in present day. However, no credible evidence exists to substantiate the rumours.

His mothers, the two dowagers, resumed regency after appointing 1st Prince Chun's son, Guangxu, his reigning title.

A few months after Tongzhi's death, Empress Alute died. It is said that she either committed suicide or that Cixi starved her to death by cutting her food supply.