August Comte
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| Auguste Comte | |
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| Lahir | 17 January 1798 |
| Wafat | 5 September 1857 Paris |
Auguste Comte (Nama panjang: Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; 17 Januari 1798 - 5 September 1857) adalah seorang ilmuwan dari Perancis yang dijuluki sebagai "bapak sosiologi". Dia dikenal sebagai orang pertama yang mengaplikasikan metode ilmiah dalam ilmu sosial.
[sunting] Kehidupan
Comte lahir di Montpellier, sebuah kota kecil di bagian barat daya dari negara Perancis. Setelah bersekolah disana, ia melanjutkan pendidikannya di Politeknik École di Paris. Politeknik École saat itu terkenal dengan kesetiaannya kepada idealis republikanisme dan filosofi proses. Pada tahun 1818, politeknik tersebut ditutup untuk direorganisasi. Comte pun meninggalkan École dan melanjutkan pendidikannya di sekolah kedokteran di Montpellier.
Tak lama kemudian, ia melihat sebuah perbedaan yang mencolok antara agama Katolik yang ia anut dengan pemikiran keluarga monarki yang berkuasa sehingga ia terpaksa meninggalkan Paris. Kemudian pada bulan Agustus 1817 dia menjadi murid sekaligus sekertaris dari Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, yang kemudian membawa Comte masuk ke dalam lingkungan intelek. Pada tahun 1824, Comte meninggalkan Saint-Simon karena lagi-lagi ia merasa ada ketidakcocokan dalam hubungannya.
Saat itu, Comte mengetahui apa yang ia harus lakukan selanjutnya: meneliti tentang filosofi positivisme. Rencananya ini kemudian dipublikasikan dengan nama Plan de travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (1822) (Indonesia: Rencana studi ilmiah untuk pengaturan kembali masyarakat). Tetapi ia gagal mendapatkan posisi akademis sehingga menghambat penelitiannya. Kehidupan dan penelitiannya kemudian mulai bergantung pada sponsor dan bantuan finansial dari beberapa temannya.
Ia kemudian menikahi seorang wanita bernama Caroline Massin. Comte dikenal arogan, kejam dan mudah marah sehingga [rujukan?] pada tahun 1826 dia dibawa ke sebuah rumahsakit mental, tetapi ia kabur sebelum sembuh. kemudian--setelah kondisinya distabilkan oleh Massin--ia mengerjakan kembali apa yang dulu direncanakannya. Namun sayangnya, ia bercerai dengan Massin pada tahun 1842 karena alasan yang belum diketahui. Saat-saat diantara pengerjaan kembali rencananya sampai pada perceraiannya, ia mempublikasikan bukunya yang berjudul Cours.
Pada tahun 1844, Comte menjalin kasih dengan Clotilde de Vaux, dalam hubungan yang tetap platonis. Setelah Clotilde wafat, kisah cinta ini menjadi quasi-religius. Tak lama setelahnya, Comte, yang merasa dirinya adalah seorang penemu sekaligus seorang nabi dari "agama kemanusiaan" (religion of humanity), menerbitkan bukunya yang berjudul Système de politique positive (1851 - 1854).
Dia wafat di Paris pada tanggal 5 September 1857 dan dimakamkan di Cimetière du Père Lachaise.
[sunting] Peninggalan
Comte melihat satu hukum universal dalam semua ilmu pengetahuan yang kemudian ia sebut sebagai 'hukum tiga fase'. Melalui hukumnya ia mulai dikenal di seluruh wilayah berbahasa Inggris (English-speaking world); menurutnya, masyarakat berkembang melalui tiga fase: Teologi, Metafisika, dan tahap positif (atau sering juga disebut "tahap ilmiah").
Fase Teologi dilihat dari prespektif abad ke-19 sebagai permulaan abad pencerahan, dimana kedudukan seorang manusia dalam masyarakat dan pembatasan norma dan nilai manusia didapatkan didasari pada perintah Tuhan. Meskipun memiliki sebutan yang sama, fase Metafisika Comte sangat berbeda dengan teori Metafisika yang dikemukakan oleh Aristoteles atau ilmuwan Yunani kuno lainnya; pemikiran Comte berakar pada permasalahan masyarakat Perancis pasca-revolusi PerancisRevolusi. Fase Metafisika ini merupakan justifikasi dari "hak universal" as being on a vauntedly higher plane than the authority of any human ruler to countermand, although said rights were not referenced to the sacred beyond mere metaphor. What he announced by his term of the Scientific phase, which came into being after the failure of the revolution and of Napoleon, was that people could find solutions to social problems and bring them into force despite the proclamations of human rights or prophecy of the will of God. In this regard he was similar to Karl Marx and Jeremy Bentham. For its time, this idea of a Scientific phase was considered up-to-date, although from a later standpoint it is too derivative of classical physics and academic history.
The other universal law he called the 'encyclopedic law'. By combining these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification of all sciences, including inorganic physics (astronomy, earth science and chemistry) and organic physics (biology and for the first time, physique sociale, later renamed sociologie).
This idea of a special science—not the humanities, not metaphysics—for the social was prominent in the 19th century and not unique to Comte. The ambitious—many would say grandiose—way that Comte conceived of it, however, was unique.
Comte saw this new science, sociology, as the last and greatest of all sciences, one that would include all other sciences, and which would integrate and relate their findings into a cohesive whole.
Comte’s explanation of the Positive philosophy introduced the important relationship between theory, practice and human understanding of the world. On page 27 of the 1855 printing of Harriet Martineau’s translation of The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, we see his observation that, “If it is true that every theory must be based upon observed facts, it is equally true that facts can not be observed without the guidance of some theory. Without such guidance, our facts would be desultory and fruitless; we could not retain them: for the most part we could not even perceive them. (Comte, A. (1974 reprint). The positive philosophy of Auguste Comte freely translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau. New York, NY: AMS Press. (Original work published in 1855, New York, NY: Calvin Blanchard, p. 27.)
He coined the word "altruism" to refer to what he believed to be a moral obligations of individuals to serve others and place their interests above one's own. He opposed the idea of individual rights, maintaining that they were not consistent with this supposed ethical obligation (Catechisme Positiviste).
As already mentioned, Comte formulated the law of three stages, one of the first theories of the social evolutionism: that human development (social progress) progresses from the theological stage, in which nature was mythically conceived and man sought the explanation of natural phenomena from supernatural beings, through metaphysical stage in which nature was conceived of as a result of obscure forces and man sought the explanation of natural phenomena from them until the final positive stage in which all abstract and obscure forces are discarded, and natural phenomena are explained by their constant relationship. This progress is forced through the development of the human mind, and increasing application of thought, reasoning and logic to the understanding of the world.
In Comte's lifetime, his work was sometimes viewed skeptically because he had elevated Positivism to a religion and had named himself the Pope of Positivism. He coined the term "sociology" to denote the new science of society. He had earlier used the expression, "social physics," to refer to the positive science of society; but because others, notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet, had begun to use that term in a different meaning, Comte felt the need to invent the neologism, "sociology," a hybrid of the Latin "socius" ("friend") and the Greek "λόγος" (logos, "word").
Comte is generally regarded as the first Western sociologist (Ibn Khaldun having preceded him in the East by nearly four centuries). Comte's emphasis on the interconnectedness of social elements was a forerunner of modern functionalism. Nevertheless, as with many others of Comte's time, certain elements of his work are now viewed as eccentric and unscientific, and his grand vision of sociology as the centerpiece of all the sciences has not come to fruition.
His emphasis on a quantitative, mathematical basis for decision-making remains with us today. It is a foundation of the modern notion of Positivism, modern quantitative statistical analysis, and business decision-making. His description of the continuing cyclical relationship between theory and practice is seen in modern business systems of Total Quality Management and Continuous Quality Improvement where advocates describe a continuous cycle of theory and practice through the four-part cycle of plan, do, check, and act. Despite his advocacy of quantitative analysis, Comte saw a limit in its ability to help explain social phenomena.
