Jalur Sutra

Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia.

Rute Jalur Sutra

Jalur Sutra (Hanzi tradisional: 絲綢之路; Hanzi yang Disederhanakan: 丝绸之路; pinyin: sī chóu zhī lù, bahasa Persia راه ابریشم Râh-e Abrisham) adalah sebuah jalur berseri melalui Asia Selatan yang dilalui oleh karavan dan kapal laut, dan menghubungkan Chang'an, Tiongkok, dengan Antiokia, Suriah, dan juga tempat lainnya. Pengaruhnya terbawa sampai ke Korea dan Jepang.

Pertukaran ini sangat penting tak hanya untuk pengembangan kebudayaan Tiongkok, India dan Roma namun juga merupakan dasar dari dunia modern. Istilah 'jalur sutra' pertama kali digunakan oleh geografer Jerman Ferdinand von Richthofen pada abad ke-19.

Jalur Sutra benua membagi menjadi jalur utara dan selatan begitu dia meluas dari pusat perdagangan Tiongkok Utara dan Tiongkok Selatan, rute utara melewati Bulgar-Kypchak ke Eropa Timur dan Semenanjung Crimea, dan dari sana menuju ke Laut Hitam, Laut Marmara, dan Balkan ke Venezia; rute selatan melewati Turkestan-Khorasan menuju Mesopotamia dan Anatolia, dan kemudian ke Antiokia di Selatan Anatolia menuju ke Laut Tengah atau melalui Levant ke Mesir dan Afrika Utara.

Hubungan jalan rel yang hilang dalam Jalur Sutra diselesaikan pada 1992, ketika jalan rel internasional Almaty - Urumqi dibuka.

[sunting] Lihat pula

Daftar kota di sepanjang Jalur Sutra
Kashgar, Khotan, Yarkand
Sutra
Ulat sutra

[sunting] Pranala luar

Peta rute-ture pelayaran antara 25 dan 220 M: Eurasian Trade Routes at the Time of the Eastern Han Dynasty
Pameran British Library Silk Road, dengan versi digital The Diamond Sutra, buku tercetak tertua di dunia.
China National Tourist Office
Cities Along the Silk Road (University of Washington)
"The changing Northern Areas", Dawn
Dr. Oliver Wild
International Dunhuang Project
Old World Traditional Trade Routes (OWTRAD)
Silkroad Foundation
Silk Road Project
Silk Road Seattle

[sunting] Referensi

Boulnois, Luce. 2004. Silk Road: Monks, Warriers & Merchants on the Silk Road. Terj. oleh Helen Loveday dengan bahan tambahan oleh Bradley Mayhew dan Angela Sheng. Airphoto International. ISBN 962-217-720-4 (Hardback); ISBN 9622177212 (Softback).
Bulliet, Richard W. 1975. The Camel and the Wheel. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674091302.
Casson, Lionel. 1989. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691040605.
Elisseeff, Vadime. Editor. 1998. The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. UNESCO Publishing. Paris. Reprint: 2000. ISBN 9231036521 (pbk); ISBN 1571812210; ISBN 1571812229 (pbk).
Foltz, Richard C. 1999. Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312214081.
Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.[1]
Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [2]
Hopkirk, Peter: The Great Game: the Struggle for Empire in Central Asia; Kodansha International, New York, 1990, 1992.
Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Juliano, Annettte, L. and Lerner, Judith A., et al. 2002. Monks and Merchants: Silk Road Treasures from Northwest China: Gansu and Ningxia, 4th-7th Century. Harry N. Abrams Inc., with The Asia Society. ISBN 0-8109-3478-7 ; ISBN 0-87848-089-7 (pbk).
Klimkeit, Hans-Joach, im. 1988. Die Seidenstrasse: Handelsweg and Kulturbruecke zwischen Morgen- and Abendland. Koeln: DuMont Buchverlag.
Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. 1993. Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia. Trans. & presented by Hans-Joachim Klimkeit. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0060645865.
Knight, E. F. 1893. Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
Liu, Xinru 2001 “Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies.” Journal of World History, Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 261-292. [3].
McDonald, Angus. 1995. The Five Foot Road: In Search of a Vanished China. HarperCollinsWest, San Francisco.
Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson, London.
Osborne, Milton. 1975. River Road to China: The Mekong River Expedition, 1866-73. George Allen & Unwin Lt.
Puri, B. N. Buddhism in Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987. (2000 reprint).
Ray, Himanshu Prabha. 2003. The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521804558 (hardback); ISBN 0521011094 (paperback).
Sarianidi, Victor. 1985. The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan. Harry N. Abrams, New York.
Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [4]
Stein, Aurel M. 1912. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 2 vols. Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990.
Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.[5]
Stein Aurel M. 1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, 5 vols. Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.
Stein Aurel M. 1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China. Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky. Book Faith India, Delhi. 1999.
von Le Coq, Albert. 1928. Buried Treasures of Turkestan. Reprint with Introduction by Peter Hopkirk, Oxford University Press. 1985.
Whitfield, Susan. 1999. Life Along the Silk Road. London: John Murray.
Wimmel, Kenneth. 1996. The Alluring Target: In Search of the Secrets of Central Asia. Trackless Sands Press, Palo Alto, CA. ISBN 1-879434-48-2
Yan, Chen. 1986. “EARLIEST SILK ROUTE: The Southwest Route.” Chen Yan. China Reconstructs, Vol. XXXV, No. 10. Oct. 1986, pp. 59-62.