Islam di Malaysia

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Melayu

Islam adalah agama rasmi Malaysia. Menurut kepada rajah banci 2000, kira-kira 60 peratus daripada populasi ini mengamalkan Islam; 19 peratus Buddha; 9 peratus Kristian; 6 peratus Hindu; dan 3 peratus Konfucius, Taoisme, dan agama tradisional Cina lain. Yang tinggalannya adalah bertanggungjawab untuk keimanan lain, termasuk animisme, Sikhisme, dan Baha'i. [1]. Seperti yang diperlukan oleh undang-undang Malaysia dan ditakrifkan dalam Perlembagaan, seorang Melayu boleh menyerahkan status etniknya jika dia adalah bukan Muslim. Bagaimanapun sebaliknya adalah tidak sahnya benar; satu tidak sahnya menjadi Bumiputera dengan memeluk Islam. Muslim Malaysia adalah primernya Melayu walaupun terdapat kebanyakan bilangan India dan Muslim Pakistan dan bilangan yang semakin bertambah dari etnik mualaf Cina.

Sebilangan Muslim muda, terutamanya yang dibesarkan dalam yang lebih sekular atau berlatar barat adalah Muslim pengamal-semi. Mereka memerhati amalan bulan suci (Ramadan) apabila berpuasa semasa hari siang berjam adalah madatori, dan menyekat daripada daging khinzir tetapi mereka tidak sembahyang lima waktu sehari mahupun melawat masjid secara kerap.

Pada masa yang sama, bilangan Melayu yang semakin bertambah telah mengambil agama ini lebih serius, dengan bertambahnya populariti kewangan Islam dan bertambahnya bilangan perempuan memilih untuk memakai tudung atau skaf kepala sebagai bukti.

Jadual isi kandungan 1 Bentuk-bentuk Islam 1.1 Sunni Islam 1.2 Islam Hadhari 2 Sejarah 3 Peranan 3.1 Kebudayaan 3.2 Undang-undang dan politik 4 Kemurtadan di Malaysia 5 Rujukan

[Sunting] Bentuk-bentuk Islam

[Sunting] Sunni Islam

Ajaran Shafi'i yang merupakan salah satu cabang kepada Sunni, merupakan mazhab yang utama di Malaysia. Bentuk ajaran lain dianggap menyeleweng bagi di kebanyakan tempat di Malaysia. Pun begitu, di sesetengah kawasan terpencil, masih ada elemen Shamanism dalam ajaran Islam mereka. Masjid sudah menjadi kelaziman di merata tempat di seluruh negara dan suara Azan dapat didengari dari kubah-kubah masjid 5 kali setiap hari. Pihak kerajaan dan institusi perbankan akan ditutup selama dua jam pada hari Jumaat bagi menghormati pekerja-pekerja yang perlu menunaikan solat secara jemaah di masjid-masjid. Di sesetengah negeri seperti Kelantan, Terengganu dan Kedah, mereka memilih hari Jumaat dan Sabtu dan bukan Sabtu dan Ahad sebagai hari cuti umum.

[Sunting] Islam Hadhari

Istilah "Islam Hadhari" atau Islam progresif telah diperkenalkan oleh Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, untuk menegaskan peranan utama pengetahuan dalam Islam. Ketekunan, kejujuran, pentadbiran yang baik, serta kecekapan diberikan nilai yang sama. Ia juga merayu kepada orang-orang Islam agar menjadi menyeluruh, bertoleransi, dan berpandangan ke luar.

Islam Hadhari bertujuan untuk mencapai sepuluh prinsip utama:

1. Keimanan dan ketaqwaan kepada Ilahi.
2. Kerajaan adil dan beramanah.
3. Rakyat berjiwa merdeka.
4. Penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan.
5. Pembangunan ekonomi yang seimbang dan komprehensif.
6. Kehidupan berkualiti.
7. Pembelaan hak kumpulan minoriti dan wanita.
8. Keutuhan budaya dan moral.
9. Pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan alam semula jadi.
10. Kekuatan Pertahanan dan Perpaduan.

Abdullah Mohd Zain, Menteri dalam Jabatan Perdana Menteri, berkata bahawa "Ia menekankan kebijaksanaan, sifat praktik, dan keharmonian," dan menambah bahawa "Ia menggalakkan kesederhanaan atau pendekatan seimbang terhadap kehidupan, tanpa menyimpang daripada asas-asas al-Quran, serta contoh-contoh dan pepatah-pepatah Nabi Muhammad.

[Sunting] Sejarah

Adalah anggapan umum bahawa Islam wujud buat pertama kali di Malaysia pada abad ke-10 di Terengganu yang merupakan negeri Melayu pertama untuk memeluk Islam. Dapatan ini berdasarkan Tugu Peringatan Batu yang ditemui di Kuala Berang, Terengganu.

Pada tahun 1303, Sultan Muzaffar Shah I (abad ke-12) dari Kedah memeluk Islam dan menjadi raja Melayu pertama yang diketahui untuk berbuat demikian. Bagaimanapun, adalah pemelukan Islam oleh Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah, sebelum itu dikenali sebagai Parameswara, yang merupakan peristiwa penting dalam pemelukan Islam oleh orang-orang Melayu di Malaysia. Baginda telah memeluk Islam selepas perkahwinannya dengan seorang puteri dari Pasai.

Tudung merupakan suatu pengenalan yang agak baru, dan tidak ketara sehingga kebangkitan Islam di seluruh dunia pada dekad 1970-an. Setengah-setengah pengulas mendapati bahawa wanita-wanita yang memakai tudung dan pada waktu yang sama, memakai kemeja-T yang ketat, merupakan sesuatu yang menjengkelkan.

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Rencana ini diterjemahkan daripada sebahagian rencana Wikipedia bahasa Inggeris. Bantulah Wikipedia menterjemahkan lagi seperenggan dua. Bahan-bahan boleh didapati di en:Islam di Malaysia.   Terima kasih kerana membaca rencana ini.  Sumber bantuan: Kamus Dewan Bahasa

[Sunting] Peranan

[Sunting] Kebudayaan

Islam adalah pusat dan mendominasi dalam kebudayaan Melayu. Sebilangan besar perkataan Bahasa Malaysia mempunyai asal-usul daripada Bahasa Arab, bahasa pilihan agama Islam. Akan tetapi, terdapat juga perkataan Bahasa Malaysia yang berasal daripada Bahasa Portugis, Bahasa Cina, Bahasa Inggeris dan Bahasa Perancis. Islam sudah begitu sebahagian daripada identiti Melayu sehingga adat istiadat Islam telahpun diasimilasikan dengan budaya Melayu. Di dalam konteks harian, perkataan Muslim dan Melayu sering ditukar ganti.

Hari Raya Aidilfitri (Eid ul-Fitr) merupakan perayaan yang penting bagi orang Islam di Malaysia.

The interpretation of Islam in Malaysia is relatively liberal in contrast to the popular conception of Islamic nations. Muslim women generally wear the tudung (hijab or headscarf) over their heads. These tudungs do not cover the face. Malay women not wearing any head gear are not reprimanded or penalised. Prominent Malaysian female examples are Datuk Seri Rafidah Aziz, International Trade and Industry Minister and Tun Dr Siti Hasmah Mohd Ali, wife of former Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahatir bin Mohammad. However, with the influx of Arabic travellers, Muslim women (Arabs) wearing hijab that leave only their eyes exposed are often spotted in tourist attractions, not the least at the shopping malls. At certain Malaysian institutions such as the International Islamic University, wearing of the tudung is mandatory; however for Non-Muslim students this usually amounts to a loosely worn piece of cloth draped over the back of the head.

The tudung , or the hijab, is a symbol of a Muslim woman. This is such because it represents the modesty of a woman's way, as described by the religion.

Some find the tudung to be an indication of Arabic influence in Malay Muslim culture, and point to other incidents such as the banning of the traditional Malay wayang kulit in the state of Kelantan (which is ruled by the Islamist PAS) for being "un-Islamic". ^[1]

In general, males and females can mix easily like any other liberal Western countries. However, desiring to expose the body and intimacy such as kissing is still rare among Muslims in public. In conservative states where PAS has more influence, such as Kelantan, different genders are at least theoretically segregated in public places like cinema and supermarket.

[Sunting] Undang-undang dan politik

As defined by the constitution of Malaysia, Malays must be Muslim, regardless of their ethnic heritage; otherwise, legally, they are not Malay. Consequently, apostate Malays would have to forfeit all their constitutional privileges, including their Bumiputra status, which entitles them to affirmative action policies in university admissions, discounts on purchases of vehicles or real estate, etc. It is legally possible to become a Malay if a non-Malay citizen with a Malaysian parent converts to Islam and thus claim all the Bumiputra privileges granted by Article 153 of the Constitution and the New Economic Policy (NEP), etc. However, the convert must "habitually speak the Malay language" and adhere to Malay culture. A textbook for tertiary Malaysian studies following the government-approved syllabus states: "This explains the fact that when a non-Malay embraces Islam, he is said to masuk Melayu (become a Malay).Templat:Citation needed That person is automatically assumed to be fluent in the Malay language and to be living like a Malay as a result of his close association with the Malays." ^{[2] [petikan diperlukan]}

Parallel to the civil courts, there are Sharia courts which conduct legal matters related to religious (Islam) and (Muslim) family issues. Legal issues like Muslim divorce and Muslim apostacy are conducted in Sharia Court. Non-Muslims are not affected by this.

Nine of the Malaysian states, namely Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Kedah, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, Johor and Negeri Sembilan have constitutional Malay monarchs (most of them styled as Sultans). These Malay rulers still maintain authority over religious affairs in states. The states of Penang, Malacca, Sarawak and Sabah do not have any sultan, but the nominal kings (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) play the role of heads of Islam in those states as well as the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya.

As the religion embraced by the most populous ethnic class of Malaysia, Islam plays an important part in Malaysian politics. Islam is seen by the Malay as a subject which can not be challenged conventionally or constitutionally.

The newest format of the Malaysian Identity Card (MyKad) divides Malaysians into various religious groups, i.e. Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist. The introduction of this card caused an uproar in Malaysian politics and is deemed discriminative by non-Muslims. This issue has, however, since abated and been accepted (although unwillingly) by non-Muslims.

Currently, one of the Malaysia's states, Kelantan, is governed by PAS which is a conservative Islamic political party, with a proclaimed goal of establishing an Islamic state. Terengganu was briefly ruled by PAS from 1999 to 2004, but the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition has since won back the state. To counter Islamic fundamentalism as supported by PAS, the head of the Barisan Nasional, Datuk Seri Abdullah Badawi, has proposed Islam Hadhari.

There is also an Islamic university in Malaysia called the International Islamic University Malaysia, and a government institution in charge of organizing pilgrimages to Mecca called Tabung Haji (Pilgrim Fund Board of Malaysia). In addition to this, the government also funds the construction of mosques and suraus. ^[3]

Although the constitution declares Malaysia to be a secular state, there is much confusion on this subject. Several Muslims have argued, especially after former Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad's declaration that Malaysia is an Islamic state, that Malaysia is in actual fact an Islamic state. One Member of Parliament (MP), Badruddin bin Amiruldin, has stated in the Dewan Rakyat house of Parliament that "Malaysia ini negara Islam" ("Malaysia is an Islamic state") and that "you tidak suka, you keluar dari Malaysia!" ("You don't like it, you get out of Malaysia!") Templat:Citation needed Badruddin refused to take back his statement, and a motion to refer him to the House Committee of Privileges was rejected by a voice vote. ^[4] However, the first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, contradicted this stance in the 1980s, saying, "All talk on Islamic States is just an empty dream. No man in his right sense would accept a nation which bases its political administration on religion, and in a country like Malaysia with its multi-racial and multi-religious people, there is no room for an Islamic State." ^[3]

Despite the Federal Government's denial that Malaysia is an Islamic state, the present Badawi Administration have gradually furthered the agenda of Islamic supremacy at the expense of other races and religions. Christianity is a particular sore point for the Muslim majority, and as such, the Government typically drags its feet when it comes to approving Churches, and often they will disapprove the setting up of Churches outright. In some cases, they have even resorted to closing down churches in Muslim-majority areas, and setting up mosques in Muslim-minority areas. The Malaysian government has also persecuted Christian groups who were perceived to be attempting to proseltyze to Muslim audiences.^[5]

In 2004 and 2005, the Government caused a furore within the Chinese community by closing down and demolishing some Chinese temples in Chinese-majority areas. In as recent as June 2006^[6], the Government has demolished more than 10 Hindu temples in Hindu majority areas. While the non-Muslim public suspects that there is a systematic elimination of non-Muslim religious rights in Malaysia by Islamic supremacists within the Government, the Government itself has categorically denied this, though they did not apologize for these acts either.

[Sunting] Kemurtadan di Malaysia

Pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, perdebatan tentang kemurtadan telah dimulakan dalam masyarakat dan politik Melayu. Kes yang paling banyak didokumenkan ialah Kerajaan Langit yang diperlihatkan sebagai satu ujian mudah terhadap kebebasan agama.

Ketua Mufti Negeri Perak, Dato' Seri Haji Harussani Haji Zakaria, mengumumkan bahawa terdapat hampir 250,000 orang yang murtad di Malaysia. Angka ini termasuk hampir 100,000 orang Melayu Islam yang mengisytiharkan diri sebagai orang Kristian. Pengumuman ini dibuat dalam Forum TV yang berjudul "Pekerti Islam" di negeri Kedah baru-baru ini dan disiarkan oleh RTM pada bulan April 2006. Lagi 100,000 orang Islam adalah dalam proses untuk memfailkan kemurtadan mereka, manakala yang lain sedang memfailkan untuk menukarkan nama Islam mereka kepada "nama agama yang lain". "Angka ini tidak termasuk individu-individu yang tidak bersolat, tidak berpuasa, dan menentang semua hukum Islam," dia berkata.

Menurut Mufti Perak, dia telah menerima sepucuk surat daripada Persatuan Mubaligh Kristian Amerika yang menuduh pihak berkuasa agama Malaysia/Perak kerana kekejaman (atau bermaksud jahat) disebabkan oleh keengganan membenarkan hampir 30,000 orang Melayu Islam memeluk agama Kristian.

• Sumber asal maklumat ini daripada Laman web Harkah

[Sunting] Rujukan

• Islamhadhari.net