生物特徵護照

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印在護照封面下方的生物特徵護照符號

生物特徵護照是資訊時代的身份證明文件；並利用人臉識別或簽名等生物特徵識別功能來證明旅行證件持有人的國籍身份。電子護照持有人的重要資料儲存在內置類似智慧卡的細少射頻識別非接觸式晶片。一本電子護照設計包含一件儲存數碼簽章的非接觸晶片，保證生物特徵資料及護照完整。每本生物特徵護照封面印了「電子旅行證件」的標誌。

現今階段生物特徵識別是人臉識別、指紋識別、和虹膜掃描。國際民航組織已規定生物特徵識別護照的標準，例如ISO 14443標準，但暫時並無視網膜掃描的安排。每樣證件持有人的生物特徵通常以jpeg形式的電子容貌影像，儲存在非接觸晶片內。生物特徵識別演算法會被電子邊境管制系統(e-borders)計算。每件32千數位方式EEPROM記憶體的非接觸晶片，可用ISO 14443標準令每地出入境機關護照閱讀器與護照連繫。

[编辑] 各地生物特徵護照

[编辑] 香港特區電子護照

参见：香港特別行政區護照

香港入境事務處自2007年2月5日起簽發，使用生物特徵認證技術的特區電子護照(HKSAR e-Passport)，封面設計與以往的特區護照基本相同，加入了電子晶片及46種防偽特徵。護照內置非接觸式晶片，儲存顯示於個人資料頁上的相片及個人資料。成人32頁本HK$370，成人48頁本HK$460(有效期為十年)；小童32頁本HK$185，小童48頁本HK$230(有效期為五年)。

[编辑] 新加坡生物特徵護照

参见：Singapore passport

新加坡出入境關卡管理局(ICA)自2006年8月15日推出新加坡生物特徵護照(BioPass)；並如期可持續美國豁免簽證計劃，令新加坡特徵護照持有人繼續有90日美國免簽證代豁。[1]

[编辑] 馬來西亞生物特徵護照

参见：Malaysian passport

馬來西亞由一間當地公司，IRIS Corporation，成為全球首位推出生物特徵護照的出入境地區，(1998年3月)。

[编辑] 歐盟及歐洲經濟共同體生物特徵護照

英國國民(海外)護照上的生物特徵資料晶片

歐盟成員國同意使用電子肖像和指紋識別的護照儲存（但至今指紋識別未能加上護照內）。這雜言性無可比擬的保安，針對預防偽造欺騙旅行證件的發生。護照申請費用以下：

奧地利 (2006年六月十六日開始發行)：成人€69，小童無晶片本€26。
比利時 (2004年十月推出)：成人€71，小童€41加本地稅；有效期為5年。
捷克共和國 (2006年九月開始發行)：成人600 CZK (有效期為10年)，小童100 CZK (有效期為5年)。
丹麥 (2006年八月開始發行)：成人600 DKK，小童155 DKK，65歲以上350 DKK。
芬蘭 (2006年八月二十一日開始發行)：€46(有效期為5年)。
法國 (2006年四月開始發行)：€60/€30
德國 (2005年十一月開始發行)：25歲等於或以下 (有效期為5年) €37.50, 大於26歲以上 (有效期為10年) €59.00；2007年3月後的申請表格會加入指紋識別於護照內 [2]。
希臘 (2006年八月二十六日開始發行)：€76,40 (有效期為5 years)
匈牙利 (2006年八月二十九日開始發行)：6000 HUF(有效期為5年)，10000 HUF (有效期為10年)。
冰島 (2006年5月23日開始發行)：成人ISK 5100，小童及67歲以上ISK 1900。
愛爾蘭 (2006年10月16日開始發行)：€75(有效期為10年)；65歲以上高齡人仕免費。
意大利 (200610月26日開始發行)：32頁本€44.66，48頁本€45.62，(有效期為10年)[3]。
立陶宛 [4] (2006年8月28日開始發行)：LTL 60 (€17)。
荷蘭 (2006年八月二十八日開始發行)：約€49.33
波蘭 (2006年8月開始發行)：成人140 PLN (有效期為10年)。
葡萄牙 (2006年7月31日開始發行特別特徵護照；2006年8月28日發行普通32頁本特徵護照)：成人€60，12歲以下€40，65歲以上高齡人仕€50 (有效期為5 years)。
斯洛文尼亞 (2006年8月28日開始發行): 8635 SIT (€36) for adults, (有效期為10年)。 7360 SIT (€31) for children from 3 to 18 years of age, valid for 5 years. 6595 SIT (€28) for children up to 3 years of age, valid for 3 years. All passports have 32 pages, a 48-page version is available at a 500 SIT (€2) surcharge.
西班牙 (2006年開始發行) There are plans to include fingerprints of both index fingers in three years < 30 years (valid for 5 years) >= 30 (valid 10 years) €16.50
瑞典 (2005年十月開始發行): SEK 400 (有效期為10年)。
英國 (2006年三月中開始發行)：成人£66(有效期為10年)，小童£45(十六歲以下，有效期為5年)；78歲以上高齡人仕免費。

[编辑] 美國生物特徵護照

美國國務院自2006年8月14日開始發行美國生物特徵護照；外交及服務生物特徵護照更在2006年初推出 [5]。美國生物特徵護照不像歐洲國家一般，只有護照持有人的相片儲存在非接觸式晶片內。不過，64千數位方式記憶體的非接觸晶可容立未來其他生物特徵的需要。

[编辑] 澳洲生物特徵護照

澳洲生物特徵護照自2005年開始發行。與美國生物特徵護照一樣，只有護照持有人的相片儲存在非接觸式晶片內。澳洲境內出入境關片更被提升來協助護照持有人迅速過關。

[编辑] 新西蘭生物特徵護照

Image:NzE-passport.jpg

2005年發行的新西蘭生物特徵護照封面

與澳洲和美國生物特徵護照一樣，只有護照持有人的相片儲存在新西蘭生物特徵護照內的非接觸式晶片。

[编辑] 加拿大生物特徵護照

加拿大自2002年開始發行擁有持有人相片的護照。未來版本可能被附設儲存持有人個人資料的非接觸式晶片。

This technology is being used at border crossings that have electronic readers that are able to read the chip in the cards and verify the information present in the card and on the passport. This method allows for increased efficiency and accuracy of identifying people at the border crossing. CANPASS, developed by Canada Border Services Agency, is currently being used by some major airports that have kiosks set up to take digital pictures of a person’s eye as a means of identification. [6]

[编辑] 巴基斯坦生物特徵護照

巴基斯坦內政部，出入境護照局自2004年10月25日推出多種特徵護照。 The passport is issued by [7] National Database Registration Autority through 25 Regional Passport Offices within Pakistan and 10 Foreign Missions are now equipped with Machine Readable Passport System and Machine Readable Passports are being issued from these sites.

[编辑] 反對

Privacy activists in many countries question and protest the lack of information about exactly what the passports' chip will contain, and whether they impact civil liberties. The main problem they point out is that data on the passports can be transferred with touchless RFID technology (like wireless technology) which can become a major vulnerability. Although this would allow ID-check computers to obtain your information without a physical connection, it may also allow anyone with the necessary equipment to perform the same task. If the personal information and passport numbers on the chip aren't encrypted, the information might wind up in the wrong hands.

To protect against such unauthorized reading, or "skimming", in addition to employing encryption the U.S. has also undertaken the additional step of integrating a very thin metal mesh into the passport's cover to act as a shield to make it even more difficult (the State Department claims "nearly impossible") to read the passport's chip when the passport is closed.

Additional concern has been raised about the technical feasibility of biometrics in large-scale, real-world applications. This, combined with worries over added or unforseeable costs to the bearer, led to strong oppostion against the bill allowing the development of the British biometric national identity card, which uses the same biometric identification technology as the proposed European biometric passport.

[编辑] 荷蘭生物特徵護照

The encryption scheme used to protect the flow of information between the Dutch biometric passport and a passport reader was cracked on July 28 2005. Though it hasn't been attempted in practice yet, in theory and under ideal conditions some of the data exchanged wirelessly between the passport's built-in contactless chip and a reader (more precisely, the one-way flow of data from the reader to the passport) may be picked up from up to 10 meters away. Once captured and stored, the data then can then be cracked in 2 hours on a PC [8]. This is due to the Dutch passport numbering scheme which does not provide sufficient randomness to generate a strong enough key to secure the exchange of information between the passport and reader.

Other passports such as the U.S. passport do not contain this flaw as they use a stronger key to encrypt the data exchange. Also, some readers provide shielding for the passport while it is being read, thus preventing signal leakage that might be intercepted by another device. Moreoever, the fairly secure and monitored environment of the passport control area would make it difficult for someone to illicitly set up the sensitive equipment necessary to eavesdrop on the communication between passports and readers from any significant distance.

[编辑] The RFID-Zapper

A group of German privacy hackers have come up with a portable device that can wipe a passive RFID-Tag permanently, called the RFID-Zapper.

[编辑] 美國生物特徵護照計劃

[编辑] 歷史

A high level of security became the top priority in 2001. This tightened security required border control to take bold steps in cracking down on counterfeit paper passports. This concern led to the idea of biometric security. In October 2004, the production stages of this high-tech passport commenced as the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) issued awards to the top bidders of the program. The awards totaled to roughly $1,000,000 for startup, development, and testing. The driving force of the initiative is the U.S. Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (a.k.a. the "Border Security Act"), which states that such smartcard IDs will be able replace visas. As for foreigners traveling to the U.S., if they wish to enter U.S. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), they are now are required to possess machine-readable passports that comply with international standards. Additionally, for travelers holding a valid passport issued on or after October 26, 2006, such a passport must be a biometic passport if used to enter the U.S. visa-free under the VWP. Thus, with the U.S. expected to be at full production of the biometric passport by the fall of 2006 and the biometric passport requirement for entry of foreign nationals going into effect at the same time, the goal of participating countries finally comes together; now tightened security exists aiding in the re-establishment of traveling ease. Media:Example.ogg

[编辑] 參與公司

Four companies were chosen to provide computer chips:

Axalto Inc, (www.axalto.com)
Infineon Technologies, (www.infineon.com)
BearingPoint/SuperCom Inc. (www.supercomgroup.com)
SuperCom Inc. (www.supercomgroup.com)

Four companies were chosen to begin the first phase testing:

[编辑] 外部連結

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