New Immissions/Updates:
boundless - educate - edutalab - empatico - es-ebooks - es16 - fr16 - fsfiles - hesperian - solidaria - wikipediaforschools
- wikipediaforschoolses - wikipediaforschoolsfr - wikipediaforschoolspt - worldmap -

See also: Liber Liber - Libro Parlato - Liber Musica  - Manuzio -  Liber Liber ISO Files - Alphabetical Order - Multivolume ZIP Complete Archive - PDF Files - OGG Music Files -

PROJECT GUTENBERG HTML: Volume I - Volume II - Volume III - Volume IV - Volume V - Volume VI - Volume VII - Volume VIII - Volume IX

Ascolta ""Volevo solo fare un audiolibro"" su Spreaker.
CLASSICISTRANIERI HOME PAGE - YOUTUBE CHANNEL
Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms and Conditions
电感元件 - Wikipedia

电感元件

维基百科,自由的百科全书

电感元件是一个被动电子设备,电子电路运用其电感属性,电感元件有许多种形式。

电感元件
电感元件
电感符号
电感符号

目录

[编辑] 物理

[编辑] 概述

电感,单位亨利 ,由载流导体周围形成的磁场产生。通过导体的电流产生与电流成比例的磁通量。一个电流的变化产生一个磁通量的变化, 与此同时也产生一个电动势以“反抗”这种电流的变化,电感即测量电流单位变化引起的电动势,比如,当电流以1安培/秒的变化速率穿过一个1亨的电感,则引起1v的感应电动势。当缠绕导体的导线匝数增多,导体的电感也会变大,不仅匝数,每匝(环路)面积,连缠绕材料都会影响电感大小。此外,用高渗透性材料缠绕导体也会令磁通量增加。

[编辑] 储存的能量

一个电感元件储存的能量(单位焦)等于流经它的电流建立磁场所做的功,其值由下式给出:

E_\mathrm{stored} = {1 \over 2} L I^2

其中L为电感,I为流经电感的电流


[编辑] 水压模型

像电流可以被模拟为水流一样,电感相当与被水流驱动的涡轮中的“飞轮”(flywheel),As can be demonstrated intuitively and mathematically, this mimics the behavior of an electrical inductor; voltage is proportional to the derivative of current with respect to time. Thus a rapid change in current will cause a big voltage spike. Likewise, in cases of a sudden interruption of water flow the turbine will generate a high pressure across the blockage, etc. Magnetic interactions such as in transformers are not usefully modelled.


[编辑] 电感元件结构

电感元件. 大刻度为cm.
电感元件. 大刻度为cm.

电感可由电导材料盘绕磁芯制成,典型的如铜线,也可把磁芯去掉或者用铁磁性材料代替。比空气的磁导率(permeability)高的芯材料可以把磁场更紧密的约束在电感元件周围,因而增大了电感。电感有很多种,大多以外层陶瓷线圈(enamel coated wire )环绕铁素体(ferrite)线轴制成,而有些防护电感把线圈完全置于铁素体内。一些电感元件的芯可以调节。由此可以改变电感大小。 小电感能直接蚀刻在PCB板上,用一种铺设螺旋轨迹的方法。小值电感也可用以制造晶体管同样的工艺制造在集成电路中 。在这些应用中,铝互连线被经常用做传导材料。不管用何种方法,基于实际的约束应用最多的还是一种叫做“旋转子”的电路,它用一个电容和主动元件表现出与电感元件相同的特性。 用于隔高频的电感元件经常用一根穿过磁柱或磁珠的金属丝构成。

[编辑] 在电子电路中

像电容元件反抗电压的变化一样,电感元件反抗电流的变化。一个理想电感元件应对直流电不呈电阻性, 然而只有超导电感元件才会产生零电阻。

一般来说,随时间变化的电压v(t)与随时间变化的电流i(t)在一个电感为L的电感元件上呈现的关系可以用微分方程来表示:


v(t) = L \frac{di(t)}{dt}.

当有正弦交流电穿过电感元件时,会产生正弦电压。电压的幅度与电流的幅度(IP) 与电流的频率(f)的乘积成比例。

i(t) = I_P \sin(2 \pi f t)\,
\frac{di(t)}{dt} = 2 \pi f I_P \cos(2 \pi f t)
v(t) = 2 \pi f L I_P \cos(2 \pi f t)\,

在这种情况下,电流与电压的相位相差90度,(电流落后电压)


[编辑] 拉普拉斯电路分析 (s-域)

When using the Laplace transform in circuit analysis, the transfer impedance of an ideal inductor with no initial current is represented in the s domain by:

Z(s) = s L\,
where
L is the inductance, and
s is the complex frequency

If the inductor does have initial current, it can be represented by:

  • adding a voltage source in series with the inductor, having the value:
L I_0 \,

(Note that the source should have a polarity that opposes the initial current)

  • or by adding a current source in parallel with the inductor, having the value:
\frac{I_0}{s}
where
L is the inductance, and
I0 is the initial current in the inductor.

[编辑] 电感元件网络

主条目:串联与并联电路

并联电路中的电感元件每个都有相同的电势差 .其总的等效电感 (Leq):

并联电感元件
\frac{1}{L_\mathrm{eq}} = \frac{1}{L_1} + \frac{1}{L_2} + \cdots +  \frac{1}{L_n}

通过串联电感的电流保持不变,但每个电感元件上的电压可不同.其电压之和等于总电压.总电感:

串联电感元件,其所经电流相同
L_\mathrm{eq} = L_1  + L_2 + \cdots + L_n \,\!

这种简单的关系只有在没有磁场互耦(mutual coupling) 的条件下才成立。

[编辑] 品质因数Q

An ideal inductor will be lossless irrespective of the amount of current flowing through the winding. However, typically inductors have winding resistance from the metal wire forming the coils. Since the winding resistance appears as a resistance in series with the inductor, it is often called the series resistance. The inductor's series resistance converts electrical current flowing through the coils into heat, thus causing a loss of inductive quality. This is where the quality factor is born. The quality factor (or Q) of an inductor is the ratio of its inductive reactance to its resistance at a given frequency, and is a measure of its efficiency. The higher the Q factor of the inductor, the closer it approaches the behavior of an ideal, lossless, inductor.

The Q factor of an inductor can be found through the following formula, where R is its internal electrical resistance:

Q = \frac{\omega{}L}{R}

Inductors wound around a ferromagnetic core may saturate at high currents, causing a dramatic decrease in inductance (and Q). This phenomenon can be avoided by using a (physically larger) air core inductor. A well designed air core inductor may have a Q of several hundred.

An almost ideal inductor (Q approaching infinity) can be created by immersing a coil made from a superconducting alloy in liquid helium or liquid nitrogen. This supercools the wire, causing its winding resistance to disappear. Because a superconducting inductor is virtually lossless, it can store a large amount of electrical energy within the surrounding magnetic field (see SMES).

[编辑] 公式

1. 基本电感公式对圆柱形缠绕:
L=\frac{\mu_0\mu_rN^2A}{l}

L = 电感单位 亨利 (H)
μ0 = 自由空间的磁导率 = 4π × 10-7 H/m
μr = 芯材料的相对磁导率
N = 匝数
A = 环绕的横断面积 单位平方米 (m2)
l = 盘绕长度 单位 米s (m)

2. 直线导体的电感:
L = l\left(\ln\frac{4l}{d1\right) \cdot 200 \times 10^{-9}}-

L = 电感 单位 H
l = 导体长度 单位 米
d = 导体直径 单位 米

因此一个长10mm,直径1mm的导体电感为5.38nH,而长度改为100mm后电感为100nH。

相同公式用英制单位:
L = 5.08 \cdot l\left(\ln\frac{4l}{d1\right)}-

L = 电感 单位 nH
l = 导体长度 单位 英寸
d = 导体直径 单位 英寸

3. 短圆柱盘绕无芯(空气)电感元件的电感:
L=\frac{r^2N^2}{9r+10l}

L = 电感 单位 µH
r = 缠绕的外环半径 单位 英寸
l = 缠绕长度 单位 英寸
N = 匝数

4. 多层空气芯电感元件:
L = \frac{0.8r^2N^2}{6r+9l+10d}

L = 电感 单位 µH
r = 缠绕平均半径 单位 英寸
l = 绕线物理长度 单位 英寸
N = 匝数
d = 缠绕深度 单位 英寸 (即, 外半径减去内半径)

5. 平螺旋型空芯电感:
L=\frac{r^2N^2}{(2r+2.8d) \times 10^5}

L = 电感 单位 H
r = 缠绕平均半径 单位 米
N = 匝数
d = 缠绕深度 单位 米 (即, 外半径减去内半径)

因此一个8匝的螺旋型盘绕,平均半径25mm,深度10mm的电感元件,电感为5.13µH。

同样的公式改用英制单位:
L=\frac{r^2N^2}{8r+11d}

L = 电感 单位 µH
r = 缠绕平均半径 单位 英寸
N = 匝数
d = 缠绕深度 单位 英寸 (即, 外半径减去内半径)

6. Inductance of a winding around a toroidal ring of core material with relative permeability of μr with circular cross-section:
L=\mu_0\mu_r\frac{N^2r^2}{D}

L = inductance in H
μ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 H/m
μr = relative permeability of core material
N = number of turns
r = radius of coil winding in meters
D = overall diameter of toroid in meters

[编辑] 应用

感元件广泛的应用在模拟电路与信号处理过程中。电感元件与电容元件及其他一些器件结合可以形成调谐电路,可以放大或过滤一些特定的信号频率。大电感可用于电源的阀门(chokes),以前也经常与滤波器联用用于去处直流输出的冗余和波动成分。磁珠或环绕电缆可产生小电感可阻止传输线中的射频干扰; 小的电容/电感还可结合产生调谐电路用于无线电的收发。两个或多个电感元件之间有耦合磁通量可形成变压器, 变压器是电力电源系统的基本组件。变压器的效率随着频率的增加而减小,但高频变压器的体积也变的很小,这也是为什么一些飞行器用400赫兹交流电而不是通常的50或60赫兹,用小型变压器而节省了大量的载重。 在开关式电源中,电感元件被做为储能元件。电感元件随着调整器的转换频率的特定部分而储能,而在周期后半部分释放能量。其能量转换比决定了输入输出电压比。 这个 XL 用于补充主动半导体设备可用来精确控制电压。电感元件也被应用于电力传输系统,用来降低系统电压或限制疵电流(fault current),这些通常被用于反应堆。相比其他元件电感元件要显得大而重,所以在现代设备里以减少了其应用;固态开关电源去掉了大变压器,电路转为使用小的电感元件,而大值则由回转器(gyrator) 电路模拟。

Static Wikipedia (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2006 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

Static Wikipedia February 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu