車臣語

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車臣語 Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott
通行区：	俄羅斯
区域：	車臣自治共和國
总使用人数：	944,600
语系：	高加索語系 (地理協定) 北高加索語族 (有爭議) 東北高加索語支納克語分支韋納克語支系 (車臣--印古什) 車臣語
官方地位
作为官方语言的国家：	車臣自治共和國 (俄羅斯之自治共和國)
管理机构：	无官方机构
语言代码
ISO 639-1：	`ce`
ISO 639-2：	`che`
ISO 639-3：	`che`
注意：本頁包含 Unicode 的國際音標

車臣語(Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott)大約有1,300,000人使用，大多數使用者住在俄羅斯車臣自治共和國，並及其它地區的車臣人。

[编辑] 分類

车臣语是高加索语系之一。在语言学上，车臣语属于北高加索语族的东北高加索语支，能与印古什语和相邻的语言作部分程度的通话。

The Chechen language (Нохчийн мотт / Noxçiyn mott) is one of the languages of the Caucasus. Linguistically, it is a member of the Nakh family, together with Ingush and Bats; they all belong to the Northeast Caucasian languages with only Ingush and Chechen being mutually intelligible.

[编辑] 地理分布

车臣语在车臣自治共和国约有 950,000 人使用，另外 (due to the Chechen diaspora) 亦有使用者在中东地区，尤其是约旦。

According to the Russian Census in October 2002, 1,330,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen.

Ethnologue estimates the total number worldwide as about 955,000, based on 945,000 speakers in Russia (as per 1989 census), and the estimated speaker count in the Chechen diaspora in the Middle East countries, especially Jordan.^[1]

[编辑] 官方地位

車臣語為俄羅斯車臣自治共和國的官方語言。

[编辑] 方言

There are a number of Chechen dialects:

Ploskost
Itumkala (Shatoi)
Melkhin
Kistin
Cheberloi
Akkin (Aux)

[编辑] 語音

Some characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to Arabic or Native American languages, a large vowel system resembling Swedish or German, several grammatical genders, and a complex phrase structure.

The Chechen language has (like most indigenous languages of the Caucasus) a large number of consonants: about 31 (depending on the dialect and the analysis), more than for most languages of Europe. Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, it also has an extensive inventory of vowels and diphthongs: about 27 (depending on dialect and analysis), similar in number and phonetics to the vowel systems of the Scandinavian languages, German, and Finnish. None of the spelling systems used for Chechen so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy.

[编辑] 語法

Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with a specific prefix with which the verb agrees, there is extensive case marking and postpositions. The verb agrees with class/gender but not with person number, having only tense forms and participles. Chechen is an ergative language, thus the verb agrees with either its direct object or with its intransitive subject.

Chechen also presents interesting challenges for lexicography, as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary.

[编辑] 字彙

Native Chechen words are few in number (not more than 3000). There are many borrowings from 俄語, 土耳其語族 (mostly from 庫梅克語), 阿拉伯語, and some — from 波斯語, Alanian (奧塞梯語), and 格魯吉亞語. 車臣和印古什 scholars have found links to the ancient cuneiform languages Hurrian and Urartian.

[编辑] 歷史

The Chechen literary language was created after the 十月革命, and the 拉丁字母 began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the 1920年代中期。 In 1938年, the 西里爾字母 was adopted. With the declaration of the Chechen republic in 1992年, some Chechen speakers returned to the Latin alphabet. The Chechen diaspora in 約旦, 土耳其 and 敘利亞 is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system, and of course the Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries.

车臣语拉丁字母
A	a	Ä	ä	B	b	C	c	Ċ	ċ	Ç	ç	Ç̇	ç̇	D	d	E	e	F	f	G	g	Ġ	ġ	H	h	X	x	Ẋ	ẋ
I	i	K	k	Kh	kh	Q	q	Q̇	q̇	L	l	M	m	N	n	O	o	Ö	ö	P	p	Ph	ph	R	r	S	s	Ş	ş
T	t	Th	th	U	u	Ü	ü	V	v	Y	y	Ƶ	ƶ	J	j	Ə	ə	Ya	ya	Yä	yä	Yu	yu	Yü	yü	Yo	yo

车臣语西里尔字母
А	а	Аь	аь	Б	б	В	в	Г	г	ГӀ	гӀ	Д	д	Е	е	Ё	ё	Ж	ж	З	з	И	и	Й	й	К	к	Кх	кх
Къ	къ	КӀ	кӀ	Л	л	М	м	Н	н	О	о	Оь	оь	П	п	ПӀ	пӀ	Р	р	С	с	Т	т	ТӀ	тӀ	У	у	Уь	уь
Ф	ф	Х	х	Хь	хь	ХӀ	хӀ	Ц	ц	ЦӀ	цӀ	Ч	ч	ЧӀ	чӀ	Ш	ш	Щ	щ	Ъ	ъ	Ы	ы	Ь	ь	Э	э	Ю	ю
Юь	юь	Я	я	Яь	яь	Ӏ	ӏ