User:Angusmclellan/sandbox
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This is a sandbox. Not much point in editing it unless you're me.
[edit] Coolcat's magic namespace detecting 1911 template
<noinclude>{{esoteric}}</noinclude>''This article incorporates text from the'' [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica ''Eleventh Edition'']]''{{#if:{{{article|}}}| article {{#if:{{{url|}}}|[{{{url|}}}}} "{{{article}}}"{{#if:{{{url|}}}|]}}{{#if:{{{author|}}}| by {{{author}}}}}}}, a publication now in the [[public domain]].''[[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]] <noinclude> [[Category:Attribution templates|1911]][[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|1911]][[hr:Predložak:1911]][[Category:1911 Britannica templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude><includeonly> {{#switch: {{NAMESPACE}}|Talk =[[Category:Angus McLellan's category]]}}</includeonly>
[edit] List of Admirals of France
The office of Admiral of France was established in 1269 or perhaps 1270 by King Louis IX of France.
[edit] Admirals of France
- Florent de Varennes (or de Varenne), died 1270, of typhus, during the Eighth Crusade
- Enguerrand, admiral in 1285 when he was captured by the Aragonese
- Mathieu IV de Montmorency, admiral in 1285, died 1304 or 1305
- Jean II d'Harcourt, Marshal of France, admiral in 1285, died 1302
- Othon de Toci, admiral in 1296, died 1297
- Benoît Zacharie, admiral in 1297
- Raynier de Grimaut, admiral 1302–1305
- Thibaud de Cepoi (or de Chepi), admiral 1306–1308
- Berenger Blanc, admiral in 1316,1317, 1319 & 1326
- Gentien Tristan, admiral in 1324
- Pierre Miege, admiral in 1326
- Hugues Quieret, admiral in 1336
- Nicolas Beuchet (or Behochet), admiral in 1339
- Louis d'Espagne, admiral in 1341, died after 1351
- Pierre Flore, admiral 1345–1347
- Jean de Nanteuil, admiral in 1351 & 1354–1356
- Enguerrand Quieret, admiral in 1357
- Enguerrand de Mentenai, admiral in 1359
- Jean de la Hevse, admiral in 1361 & 1366–1368
- Francisco de Perilleux, admiral in July 1368
- Aimeric VII, Viscount of Narbonne, admiral 1369–1373
- Jean de Vienne, December 1373–26 September 1396
[edit] Cellach mac Ailello
Cellach mac Ailello (died circa 865) was an Irish cleric. Cellach was Abbot of Iona from 854 to 865, succeeding Indrechtach (died 12 March 854).
Cellach was the son of Ailill Cellach was already Abbot of Kildare, the great shrine of Saint Brigid,
Cellach may have been the author of the Pictish Chronicle.
"Cellach son of Ailill, abbot of Cell Dara and Í, fell asleep in the country of the Picts."
Iona-s-box. New Hist Ireland.
Glen Moriston, or Glenmoriston, is a valley in the Highland council area of Scotland. It lies immediately to the west of the Great Glen which it meets at Invermoriston and is oriented in an east-west direction.
The River Moriston', the outfall of Loch Cluanie, flows through the glen. The River Loyne, which flows out Loch Loyne through Glen Loyne, meets the Moriston at the settlement of Bun Loyne. The length of the glen, from Loch Cluanie to Invermoriston, is around 20 miles.
The A887 road runs through the glen to Bun Loyne, where it meets the A87 road from Invergarry, which follows the glen past Loch Cluanie and on to Kintail and Kyle of Lochalsh.
Lochs Cluanie and Loyne serve as reservoirs for the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board's Glenmoriston power generation scheme.
[edit] Parc naturel régional de Lorraine
hab=72 090 site=Site officiel
The Parc naturel régional de Lorraine (Lorraine regional natural park) was created in 1974. It covers 219400 hectares, approximately 11 &% of the region of Lorraine. Two other national parks lie partly within the Lorraine region: the Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord and the Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges.
The park is divided in two distinct parts by the urbanised zone around Metz and Nancy in the Moselle valley. It covers parts of the departments of Meuse (77500 hectacres, 35 %), Meurthe-et-Moselle (74357 hectacres, 34 %), and Moselle (67909 hectacres, 31 %). The resident population inside the park is around 72000.
[edit] Partie ouest
C'est la plus étendue, elle est bornée par Verdun, Metz, Nancy, Toul et Commercy. Elle s'étend sur une partie des vallées de la Moselle et de la Meuse, sur les côtes de Meuse et sur la plaine de Woëvre.
[edit] Partie est
Elle est limitée par Château-Salins, Morhange, Fénétrange, Réchicourt-le-Château. Elle correspond aux régions naturelles du Saulnois et du pays des étangs (Lindre, Gondrexange, Mittersheim, etc.), situé sur un flux migratoire de nombreux oiseaux.
[edit] See also
[edit] External link
- (French) Official site
[edit] Granier
Léonard-Bernard Motard
Léonard-Bernard Motard (27 July 1771–26 May 1852) was a French admiral
Pierre François Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve
Pierre François Étienne Bouvet (28 November 1775–18 June 1860), called Bouvet de Maisonneuve to distinguish him from his relatives, was a French admiral
Ferdinand Hamelin
Ferdinand-Alphone Hamelin (2 September 1796–16 January 1864) was a French admiral
Bernard Dubourdieu (substub)
Bernard Dubourdieu
Charles Rigault de Genouilly
Charles Rigault de Genouilly (12 April 1807–4 May 1873) was a French admiral
[edit] Map
[edit] Succession
The succession of kings in Alba or Scotland followed different customs down the centuries. The first examples of anything resembling the later custom of primogeniture do not appear until the 11th century, when Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (Malcolm II) was succeeded by his grandson Donnchad mac Crínáin (Duncan I) in 1034 and Mac Bethad mac Findláich (Macbeth) by his stepson and cousin Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin in 1057. Son did not succeed father until Alexander II becaming king on the death of William the Lion in 1214, although it seems that Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (Malcolm III) had designed his son Edward as heir before their deaths in November 1093.[1]
The custom of designating an heir in the lifetime of the reigning monarch, called the rex designatus in Latin, the tánaise ríg in Old Irish, or the Ætheling in Old English was not a custom of great antiquity, nor one which is known to have been common in Scotland. Only the succession of Donnchad mac Crínáin in 1034 appears to have followed this practice.[2] In a earlier times, the abidication of Nechtan mac Der-Ilei in 724, succeeded by Drest, and of Causantín mac Áeda (Constantine II) in 943, succeeded by Máel Coluim mac Domnaill (Malcolm I), appear to be exceptional cases, and not readily categorised as examples of tanistry.
In early times, the decisive criteria in choosing a successor was the quality known as febas in Old Irish texts. Febas was not clearly defined, but involved considerations such as wealth, clients, wisdom, generosity, success in battle and being the near descendant of kings, likely a son or grandson of a previous king. These qualities would be more readily found in a mature adult than a youth, and in Scotland, as in Ireland, kings were succeeded by brothers or cousins rather than by sons. From the death or deposition of Giric in 889 until the death of Cuilén in 971, the succession alternated between the descendants of Causantín mac Cináeda (Constantine I) and those of his brother Áed.[3] The pattern of succession in Alba, insofar as it can be ascertained from the sources, resembles neither late Anglo-Saxon custom, where a father was followed by each of his sons in turn, nor of Ireland, where kingly families divided into multiple segments. In Alba the descendants of Áed provided only two short-lived kings, Amlaíb mac Iduilb and Causantín mac Cuilén (Constantine III) after 971, and of the meic Duib, only Cináed mac Duib (Kenneth III) was king, the descendants of Dub mac Maíl Choluim thereafter being restricted to an appanage in the shape of the mormaerdom of Fife, leaving the descendants of Cináed mac Maíl Coluim to contest control of Scotland with the Kings of Moray.
[edit] History of Northumbria
The lands between the Humber and the Forth were subject to varying degrees of Roman control for over three centuries. The extent to which Christianity and Romanisation had changed day to day life in Roman Britain is argued by historians. If peasant life in the extensive uplands of Northumbria was not, apparently, much changed, for urban dwellers, in cities like York and Carlisle, the Roman presence brought great changes.
[edit] Before Northumbria
When the Romans departed Britain, the north divided into a number of Brythonic kingdoms, including Bernicia, Deira, Rheged, Elmet, Gododdin and others now nameless. These kingdoms were Christian, ruled by elites who quickly adopted, or had never lost, a heroic warrior ethos.
During the 6th century, small groups of Anglo-Saxon warriors, probably from East Anglia and perhaps Mercia, moved north. Some may have taken service with British kings, others may have conquered lands. The Y Gododdin describes the heroic style of warfare at the time, although whether this poem recounts a war between Britons, or a British crusade against Anglo-Saxon invaders, is open to question. In the second half of the 6th century, the semi-legendary Ida of Bernicia and his sons are said to have seized Bamburgh (Dun Guaroi to the Britons) and then to have conquered the kingdom of Bernicia. To the south, a generation after Ida, Æelle of Deira appears to have conquered the kingdom of Deira, centred in the Derwent valley.
The archaeological evidence for this period is thin, but insofar as can be determined, there are no signs of large-scale migration from East Anglia. So, while Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in East-Anglia do appear to have been based on large numbers of incomers, the northern kingdoms seem instead to be founded by small groups of warriors.
[edit] Northumbria's Golden Age
Northumbrian history begins with the Bernician king Æthelfrith, supposedly a grandson of Ida. Known to the Britons as Flesaurs ("the twister") he came to power at the end of the 6th century, and rose to dominate much of Britain north of the Humber. He campaigned in Wales, against Dál Riata in western Scotland. Although he remained a pagan, the monk Bede writes favourably of Æthelfrith, comparing him with the biblical Benjamin. Æthelfrith died in battle in 616, fighting an invasion by Raedwald of East Anglia, who placed Æthelfrith's wife's brother Edwin, son of Æelle, on the throne. Æthelfrith's sons took refuge with the Irish and the Picts.
In his time, Edwin became the greatest king in Britain, collecting tribute as far south as Wessex and the Isle of Wight. In 627 Edwin was baptised, becoming the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king in the north. For all the apparent power of his position, it collapsed in 633 in the face of a attack by Cadwalla and Penda, and Edwin was killed at the battle of Hatfield Chase. Northumbria was again divided between northern Bernicia and southern Deira, Eanfrith son of Æthelfrith king in the north, Osric nephew of Edwin in the south. Both were killed by Cadwalla in 634, and Eanfrith's brother Oswald, with the aid of Domnall Brecc of Dál Riata, defeated Cadwalla at a place known as Heavenfield as recounted by
Northumbria was originally composed of the union of two independent kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia covered lands north of the Tees, whilst Deira corresponded roughly to modern-day Yorkshire. Bernicia and Deira were first united by Aethelfrith, a king of Bernicia who conquered Deira around the year 604. He was defeated and killed around the year 616 in battle at the River Idle by Raedwald of East Anglia, who installed Edwin, the son of Aella, a former king of Deira, as king.
Edwin, who accepted Christianity in 627, soon grew to become the most powerful king in England: he was recognized as Bretwalda and conquered Rheged, the Isle of Man and Gwynedd in northern Wales. He was, however, himself defeated by an alliance of the exiled king of Gwynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan and Penda, king of Mercia, at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.
[edit] King Oswald
After Edwin's death, Northumbria was split between Bernicia, where Eanfrith, a son of Aethelfrith, took power, and Deira, where a cousin of Edwin, Osric, became king. Cumbria tended to remain a country frontier with the Britons. Both of these rulers were killed during the year that followed, as Cadwallon continued his devastating invasion of Northumbria. After the murder of Eanfrith, his brother, Oswald, backed by a force of Scots sent by Domnall Brecc, defeated and killed Cadwallon at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634.
King Oswald re-introduced Christianity to the Kingdom, but this time, by appointing St Aidan, an Irish monk from the Scottish island of Iona to convert his people. This led to the introduction of Celtic Christianity, as opposed to Roman Catholicism. A monastery was established on Lindisfarne, probably as an echo of the island monastery of Iona.
War with Mercia continued, however. In 642, Oswald was killed by the Mercians under Penda at the Battle of Maserfield. In 655, Penda launched a massive invasion of Northumbria, aided by the sub-king of Deira, Aethelwald, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of an inferior force under Oswiu, Oswald's successor, at the Battle of Winwaed. This battle marked a major turning point in Northumbrian fortunes: Penda died in the battle, and Oswiu gained supremacy over Mercia, making himself the most powerful king in England.
[edit] Religious Union and the Loss of Mercia
In the year 664 a great synod was held at Whitby to discuss the controversy regarding the timing of the Easter festival. Much dispute had arisen between the practices of the Celtic church in Northumbria and the beliefs of the Roman church. Eventually, Northumbria was persuaded to move to the Roman faith, the Celtic Bishop Colman of Lindisfarne returned to Iona.
Northumbria lost control of Mercia in the late 650s, after a successful revolt under Penda's son Wulfhere, but it retained its dominant position until it suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Picts at the Battle of Nechtansmere in 685; Northumbria's king, Ecgfrith (son of Oswiu), was killed, and its power in the north was gravely weakened. The peaceful reign of Aldfrith, Ecgfrith's half-brother and successor, did something to limit the damage done, but it is from this point that Northumbria's power began to decline, and chronic instability followed Aldfrith's death in 704.
[edit] The kingdom's rise and fall
The kingdom was famed as a centre of religious learning and arts. Initially the Northumbria was Christianised by monks from the Celtic Church, and this led to a flowering of monastic life, with a unique style of religious art that combined Anglo-Saxon and Celtic. After the Synod of Whitby in 664 the Celtic and Catholic Churches united. However the unique style was preserved, with its most famous example being the Lindisfarne Gospels. Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the Danelaw, run by Scandinavians who were more or less dependent upon Anglian underlings. Power was even higher under the Danes and Norwegians, who were able to demolish the Kingdom of Strathclyde in right of Northumbria, also annexing the Five Burghs, Isle of Man and Kingdom of Mide in Ireland. Vikings made Northumbria rather wealthy after pillaging it first, with a lucrative trade at Jórvík that extended to the farthest reaches of Europe.
Scots invasions further reduced Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Humber to the Tweed, and Northumbria was for a long time in territory where sovereignty was disputed between the emerging kingdoms of England and Scotland. The Earls of Northumbria maintained a degree of independence from both, but there were lengthy periods of fighting over control of the earldom.
[edit] Norman invasion and partition of the earldom
William the Conqueror became king of England in 1066. He soon realised he needed to control Northumbria, which had remained virtually independent of the Kings of England, to protect his kingdom from Scottish invasion. To acknowledge the remote independence of Northumbria and ensure England was properly defended from the Scots William gained the allegiance of both the Bishop of Durham and the Earl and confirmed their powers and privileges. However, anti-Norman rebellions followed. William therefore attempted to install Robert Comine, a Norman noble, as the Earl of Northumbria, but before Comine could take up office, he and his 700 men were massacred in the City of Durham. In revenge, the Conqueror led his army in a bloody raid into Northumbria, an event that became known as the Harrying of the North. Ethelwin, the Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Durham, tried to flee Northumbria at the time of the raid, with Northumbrian treasures. The bishop was caught, imprisoned, and later died in confinement; his see was left vacant.
Rebellions continued, and William's son William Rufus decided to partition Northumbria. William of St. Carilef was made Bishop of Durham, and was also given the powers of Earl for the region south of the rivers Tyne and Derwent, which became the County Palatinate of Durham. The remainder, to the north of the rivers, became Northumberland, where the political powers of the Bishops of Durham were limited to only certain districts, and the earls continued to rule as clients of the English throne.
The city of Newcastle was founded by the Normans in 1080 to control the region by holding the strategically important crossing point of the river Tyne.
[edit] Middle ages
The region continued to have history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the Rising of the North in Tudor times. A major reason was the strength of Catholicism in the area after the Reformation. In later times this led to strong Jacobite feelings after the Restoration. The region became a sort of wild county, where outlaws and border reivers hid from the law, as it was largely rural and unpopulated. However, after the union of the crowns of Scotland and England under King James VI and I peace was largely restored.
[edit] Jacopo di Poggibonsi
Jacopo di Poggibonsi is a non-existent Italian painter used as a subject to test student's research skills. A typical research assignment briefs students to research this artist, introducing him as a 15th century plagiarist who copied other artists' work, and giving them a convincingly-designed biography hosted on the University of Michigan website as a starting point for their research. Assignments pointedly stress the importance of citing multiple sources when researching a subject. A link buried in part of the biographical site leads to a page[1] detailing the fabrication and the reasoning behind it.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
(Copy userfied on 1 October 2006 - should be mentioned in Wikispace (V or CS ?)
