Louis IX of France
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| Louis IX | ||
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| King of France (more...) | ||
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| Representation of Saint Louis considered to be true to life - Early 14th century statue from the church of Mainneville, Eure, France | ||
| Reign | 8 November 1226 – 25 August 1270 | |
| Coronation | 29 November 1226, Reims | |
| Full name | Known as Saint Louis | |
| Titles | Count of Artois (1226 – 1237) | |
| Born | 25 April 1215 | |
| Poissy, France | ||
| Died | 25 August 1270 | |
| Tunis, North Africa | ||
| Buried | Saint Denis Basilica | |
| Predecessor | Louis VIII | |
| Successor | Philip III | |
| Consort | Marguerite of Provence (1221-1295) | |
| Issue | Isabelle, Queen of Navarre (1241-1271) Philip III (1245-1285) Jean Tristan, Count of Valois (1250-1270) Pierre, Count of Perche and Alençon (1251-1284) Blanche, Crown Princess of Castile (1253-1323) Marguerite, Duchess of Brabant (1254-1271) Robert, Count of Clermont (1256-1317) Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy (1260-1327) |
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| Royal House | House of Capet | |
| Father | Louis VIII of France | |
| Mother | Blanche of Castile | |
Louis IX of France or Saint Louis (April 25, 1215 – August 25, 1270) was King of France from 1226 until his death. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was a member of the House of Capet and the son of King Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.
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[edit] Life
Much of what we know of Louis' life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous biography of Louis, Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis' life that ended with his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII.
Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Pathus' biography, which he wrote using the papal inquest mentioned above. While several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king.
Louis was eleven years old when his father died on November 8, 1226. He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Rheims.
Because of Louis' youth, his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled France as regent during his minority. No date is given for Louis' assumption of the throne as king in his own right. His contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, though historians generally view the year 1234 as the year in which Louis ruled as king with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued as an important counsellor to the king until her death in 1252. On May 27, 1234 Louis married Marguerite de Provence (1221–December 21, 1295), the sister of Eleanor, the wife of Henry III of England.
Louis was the elder brother of Charles I of Sicily (1227–1285), whom he created count of Anjou, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty. The horrific fate of that dynasty in Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers evidently did not tarnish Louis' credentials for sainthood.
Louis brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse that cleared his father of wrong-doing. Raymond VI had been suspected of murdering a preacher on a mission to convert the Cathars.
Louis' piety and kindness towards the poor was much celebrated. He went on crusade twice, in 1248 (Seventh Crusade) and then in 1270 (Eighth Crusade). Both crusades were total failures. After initial success in his first attempt, Louis' army was met by overwhelming resistance from the Egyptian army and people. On April 13 1250, Louis was eventually defeated and taken prisoner in Mansoura, Egypt. Louis and his companions were then released in return for the surrender of the French army and a large ransom. He died near Tunis during the latter expedition on August 25, 1270 traditionally believed to be during an outbreak of plague but thought by modern scholars to be dysentery. The local tradition of "Sidi Bou Said" claims that the future Saint Louis did not die in 1270, but converted to Islam under the name of Sidi Bou Said, and even regarded him as a saint of Islam who died at the end of the 13th Christian century, and was buried in Djebel-Marsa.
Christian tradition states that some of his entrails were buried directly on the spot in Tunisia, where a Tomb of Saint-Louis can still be visited today, whereas other parts of his entrails were sealed in an urn and placed in the Basilica of Monreale, Palermo, where they still remain. His corpse was taken, via a short stay at the Basilica of Saint Dominic in Bologna, to the French royal necropolis at Saint-Denis, resting in Lyon on the way. His tomb at Saint-Denis was a magnificent gilt brass monument designed in the late 14th century. It was melted down during the French Wars of Religion, at which time the body of the king disappeared. Only one finger was rescued and is kept at Saint-Denis.
| French Monarchy |
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| Direct Capetians |
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| Louis IX |
| Philip III |
| Robert, Count of Clermont |
| Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy |
Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French monarch ever to be made a saint.
Louis IX was succeeded by his son, Philippe III.
[edit] Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe
Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's daughters and female relatives to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis most likely ordered the production of the Morgan Bible, a masterpiece of medieval painting.
Saint Louis ruled during the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis," when the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. The king of France was regarded as a primus inter pares among the kings and rulers of Europe. He commanded the largest army, and ruled the largest and most wealthy kingdom of Europe, a kingdom which was the European center of arts and intellectual thought (La Sorbonne) at the time. For many, King Louis IX embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation of saintliness and fairness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in the quarrels opposing the rulers of Europe.
The prestige and respect felt in Europe for King Louis IX was due more to the attraction that his benevolent personality created rather than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he was the quintessential example of the Christian prince.
[edit] Religious zeal
This perception of Louis IX as the quintessential Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Saint Louis was a devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within the royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle, a perfect example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture, was erected as a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, precious relics of the Passion of Jesus. Louis purchased these in 1239–1241 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, for the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres (the chapel, on the other hand, cost only 60,000 livres to build). This purchase should be understood in the context of the extreme religious fervor that existed in Europe in the 13th century. The purchase contributed greatly to reinforcing the central position of the king of France in western Christendom, as well as to increasing the renown of Paris, then the largest city of western Europe. During a time when cities and rulers vied for relics, trying to increase their reputation and fame, Louis IX had succeeded in securing the most prized of all relics in his capital. The purchase was thus not only an act of devotion, but also a political gesture: the French monarchy was trying to establish the kingdom of France as the "new Jerusalem."
Louis IX took very seriously his mission of "lieutenant of God on Earth," with which he had been invested when he had been crowned in Rheims. Thus, in order to fulfill his duty, he conducted two crusades, and even though they were unsuccessful, they contributed to his prestige. Contemporaries would not have understood if the king of France did not lead a crusade to the Holy Land. In the same vein, he also ordered the expulsion of the Jews from France, although the loose control of the central government over the kingdom meant that many Jews actually remained in the provinces. Louis also ordered, at the urging of Pope Gregory IX, the burning of some 12,000 copies of the Talmud in Paris in 1243. Some justify these actions by citing the context of the 13th century: the dislike of the Jews was general in Europe, as the Christians held the Jews responsible for the death of Jesus Christ.
In all these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill the duty of France, which was seen as "the eldest daughter of the Church" (la fille aînée de l'Église), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne, who had been crowned in Rome in 800. Indeed, the official Latin title of the kings of France was Rex Francorum, i.e. "king of the Franks," and the kings of France were also known by the title "very Christian king" (Rex Christianissimus). The relationship between France and the papacy was at its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries, and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from French soil. Eventually, in 1309, Pope Clement V even left Rome and relocated to the French city of Avignon, beginning the era known as the Avignon Papacy.
[edit] Children
- Blanche (1240–April 29, 1243)
- Isabelle (March 2, 1241–January 28, 1271), married Theobald V of Champagne
- Louis (February 25, 1244–January 1260)
- Philippe III (May 1, 1245–October 5, 1285)
- Jean (born and died in 1248)
- Jean Tristan (1250–August 3, 1270), married Yolande of Burgundy
- Pierre (1251–1284), Count of Perche and Alençon; Count of Blois and Chartres in right of his wife, Joanne of Châtillon
- Blanche (1253–1323), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile
- Marguerite (1254–1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant
- Robert, Count of Clermont (1256–February 7, 1317). He was the ancestor of King Henry IV of France.
- Agnes of France (c. 1260–December 19, 1327), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy
[edit] Veneration as a saint
| Saint Louis | |
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 Louis IX of France was revered as a saint and painted in portraiture well after his death (such portraits may not accurately reflect his appearance). This portrait was painted by El Greco c. 1592-1595. |
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| King of France, Confessor | |
| Born | 25 April 1214/1215, Poissy, France |
| Died | 25 August 1270, Tunis in what is now Tunisia |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Canonized | 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII |
| Feast | 25 August |
| Attributes | Depicted as King of France, generally with a crown, holding a sceptre with a fleur-de-lys on the end, possibly with blue clothing with a spread of white fleur-de-lys (coat of arms of the French monarchy) |
| Patronage | France, French monarchy; hairdressers; passementiers (lacemakers) |
 Saints Portal |
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Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch. Because of the aura of holiness attached to the memory of Louis IX, many Kings of France were called Louis, especially in the Bourbon dynasty (Louis XIII to Louis XVIII).
The Congregation of the Sisters of Saint Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in 1842 and named in his honour.
[edit] Places named after Saint Louis
The cities of Saint Louis, Missouri, Saint-Louis du Sénégal in Senegal, Saint-Louis in Alsace, as well as Lake Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California are among the many places named after the king.
The Cathedral Saint-Louis in Versailles, Basilica of St. Louis, King of France in St. Louis, Missouri, the Cathedral-Basilica of St. Louis in St. Louis, Missouri, and the French royal Order of Saint Louis (1693-1790 and 1814-1830) were also created after the king. The Saint Louis Cathedral in New Orleans is also named after the king.
Many places in Brazil called São Luís in Portuguese are named after Saint Louis.
Sidi Bou Said in Tunisia is said to have been named for this very Catholic French king [1]. Tunisian legend tells the story of King Louis falling in love with a Berber princess, changing his name to Abou Said ibn Khalef ibn Yahia Ettamini el Beji (nicknamed "Sidi Bou Said") for which a quaint town on the Tunisian coast is named. He became, according to this legend, an Islamic saint. The grounds for this story are somewhat shaky, however, as the king obviously fought Islam with a unique religious zeal throughout his life.
[edit] Trivia
A portrait of St. Louis hangs in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives.
[edit] External links
- Site about The Saintonge War between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England.
- Account of the first Crusade of Saint Louis from the perspective of the Arabs..
- A letter from Guy, a knight, concerning the capture of Damietta on the sixth Crusade with a speech delivered by Saint Louis to his men.
- Etext full version of the Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, a biography of Saint Louis written by one of his knights
- Biography of Saint Louis on the Patron Saints Index
[edit] Bibliography
Joinville, Jean de, The History of St. Louis (Trans. Joan Evans).
[edit] References
| House of Capet Born: 25 April 1215 Died: 25 August 1270 |
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| Preceded by Louis VIII of France |
King of France 8 November 1226–25 August 1270 |
Succeeded by Philip III |
| Count of Artois 8 November 1226–1237 |
Succeeded by Robert I |
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History - France - Direct Capetians - Valois - Bourbons - Bonaparte |
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| Persondata | |
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| NAME | Louis IX |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Saint Louis |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of France |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 25 April 1215 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | |
| DATE OF DEATH | 25 August 1270 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
