Battle of Cape Matapan

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Vittorio Veneto after the hit at Matapan

Date	March 27, 1941 – March 29, 1941
Location	Mediterranean off Cape Matapan, Greece
Result	Decisive Allied victory

Combatants

Commanders

Strength

1 aircraft carrier
3 battleships
7 light cruisers
17 destroyers

1 battleship
6 heavy cruisers
2 light cruisers
17 destroyers

Casualties

4 light cruiser lightly damaged
1 torpedo bomber destroyed
3 dead

1 battleship heavily damaged
3 heavy cruisers sunk
2 destroyers sunks
2400+ dead

Mediterranean Campaign
Mers-el-Kebir – Calabria – Spada – Taranto – Spartivento – Matapan – Tarigo – Crete – Duisburg – Bon – 1st Sirte – 2nd Sirte – Harpoon – Vigorous–Pedestal – Torch – Skerki – Sicily

The Battle of Cape Matapan was a World War II naval battle fought off the Peloponnesian coast of Greece from March 27 to March 29, 1941. A combined force of British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy ships under the command of the British Admiral Andrew Cunningham intercepted and sank or severely damaged those of the Italian Regia Marina, under Admiral Angelo Iachino.

The battle, or at least its opening actions, is also known as the Battle of Gaudo in Italy.

1 Forces
2 Background
3 The battle
- 3.1 Air attacks
- 3.2 Night action
4 Impact of the Battle
5 Order of battle
- 5.1 Regia Marina
- 5.2 Allies
6 External links

[edit] Forces

The Allied force was the Mediterranean fleet, consisting of the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable, the modernised World War I battleships HMS Barham, Valiant and Warspite (as flagship). The main fleet was accompanied by two flotillas of destroyers:

10th Flotilla
- HMS Greyhound , Griffin and HMAS Stuart

14th Flotilla
- HMS Jervis, Janus, Mohawk and Nubian

Also present were HMS Hotspur and Havock.

A second force, under Admiral Sir Henry Pridham-Wippell, consisted of the British light cruisers HMS Ajax, Gloucester and Orion, the Australian light cruiser HMAS Perth and the British destroyers HMS Hasty, Hereward and Ilex.

The Australian Vendetta had returned to Alexandria.

In addition, Allied warships attached to convoys were available: HMS Defender, Jaguar and Juno waited in the Kithira Channel and HMS Decoy, Carlisle, Calcutta Bonaventure and HMAS Vampire were nearby.

The Italian fleet was led by Iachino's vessel, the modern battleship Vittorio Veneto. It also included almost the entire Italian heavy cruiser force: the Zara (under Vice-Admiral Carlo Cattaneo), Fiume and Pola; four destroyers of the 9th Flotilla (Alfredo Oriani, Giosué Carducci, Vincenzo Gioberti and Vittorio Alfieri). The heavy cruisers Trieste (carrying Vice-Admiral Luigi Sansonetti), Trento and Bolzano were accompanied by three destroyers of the 12th Flotilla (Ascari, Corazziere and Carabiniere), plus the light cruisers Luigi di Savoia Duca Degli Abruzzi (Vice-Admiral A. Legnano) and Giuseppe Garibaldi and nine destroyers of the 6th Flotilla (including Emanuel Pessagno and Nicolosa de Recco). None of the Italian ships had radar, although several Allied ships did.

The 10th and 13th Flotillas of Italian destroyers: the Alpino, Bersagliere, Fuciliere, Granatiere, Grecale, Libeccio, Maestrale and Scirocco were also involved.

[edit] Background

As ships of the Mediterranean Fleet covered troop movements to Greece, intelligence was received reporting the sailing of an Italian battlefleet with one battleship, six heavy and two light cruisers plus destroyers to attack the convoys. The interception was made possible by Ultra (cryptanalysis of intercepted signals) but as ever this was concealed from the enemy by ensuring there was a plausible reason for the Allies to have detected and intercepted the Italian fleet. In this case it was a carefully directed reconnaissance plane. As a further deception Admiral Cunningham is said to have made a surreptitious exit from a club in Egypt to avoid being seen going aboard ship.

At the same time, there was a failure of intelligence on the Axis side. The Italians had been wrongly informed that the Mediterranean fleet had only one operational battleship. In fact there were three and a lost British aircraft carrier had been replaced.

[edit] The battle

On the 27th, Vice-Admiral Pridham-Wippell with the cruisers Ajax, Gloucester, Orion and the Australian Perth and destroyers sailed from Greek waters for a position south of Crete. Admiral Cunningham with Formidable, Warspite, Barham and Valiant left Alexandria on the same day to meet the cruisers.

At 7:55 on the 28th the Trento group encountered Adm Pridham-Wippell's cruiser group, which was heading to the southeast. Thinking they were attempting to run from their larger ships, the Italians gave chase, opening fire at 08:12 from 22,000 meters. As was always the case, the Italian guns had trouble grouping their rounds, and had little effect. After an hour, the Italians broke off the chase and turned northwest to rejoin the Vittorio Veneto. The Allied ships also reversed course, and followed the Italians at extreme range.

At 10:55 the Vittorio Veneto met the Italian cruisers, and immediately opened fire on the shadowing Allied ships from about 23,000 meters. The Allied cruisers withdrew, with slight damage from 15" round splinters, although the Italians started a pursuit.

[edit] Air attacks

By this point Cunningham's forces, which had been attempting to join up with Pridham-Wippell's, had launched a sortie of Fairey Albacore torpedo bombers from HMS Formidable. They attacked the Vittorio Veneto without effect, but the required maneuvering made it difficult to maintain their pursuit. Realizing that they might not be so lucky next time, Iachino broke off the pursuit at 12:20, retiring towards his own air cover at Taranto.

A second sortie surprised the Italians at 15:09. Lieutenant-Commander Dalyell-Stead flew his Albacore to 1,000 meters from Vittorio Veneto, hitting it at the outer port propeller and causing 4000 tons of water to be taken on. The ship stopped while damage was repaired, but was able to get underway again at 16:42 making 19 knots. Cunningham heard of the damage to the Veneto, and started to pursue her.

A third strike, by six Albacores and two Swordfish from 826 and 828 Squadrons on Formidable as well as two Swordfish from 815 Squadron on Crete was made between 19:36 and 19:50. A torpedo, apparently dropped by Lieutenant F.M.A. Torrens-Spence, crippled the cruiser Pola, forcing her to stop. Unaware of Cunningham's pursuit, a squadron of cruisers and destroyers were ordered to return and protect Pola, formed on the Pola's sister ships, the Zara and Fiume. The Vittorio Veneto and the other ships continued to Taranto.

[edit] Night action

The Allies detected the Italians on radar shortly after 22:00, and were able to close without detection. The battleships Barham, Valiant and Warspite were able to open fire at only 3,500 metres. The Allied searchlights illuminated their enemy. In five minutes two Italian heavy cruisers, Fiume and Zara, had been destroyed.

The Italian destroyers moved to attack the battleships, but were intercepted by the Allied destroyers. Two Italian destroyers (Vittorio Alfieri and Giosué Carducci) were sunk. Towing Pola to Alexandria as a prize was considered, but it was getting light and it was thought that the danger of enemy planes was too high. Pola was sunk with torpedoes after her crew had been taken off.

The Allied ships took on survivors but left the scene in the morning when German bombers appeared and attacked them. The location of remaining survivors was broadcast and the Italian hospital ship Gradisca came to recover them. Allied losses were a single torpedo bomber shot down by the Veneto 90 mm AA batteries. The three men crew was killed in action.

[edit] Impact of the Battle

After the defeat at Cape Matapan, the Regia Marina never ventured into the Eastern Mediterranean, conceding it to the Allied fleet. The Italian naval command lost all faith in German promises to protect their fleet from attack here. Hence, Cape Matapan was an important strategic victory for the Allies who could now concentrate most of their stretched resources against the Afrika Korps in North Africa under General Rommel after the Fall of Greece to German forces in late April 1941.

[edit] Order of battle

From [1]

[edit] Regia Marina

Admiral of Squad Angelo Iachino
- 1 battleship: Vittorio Veneto (damaged)
- 4 destroyers (10a Squadriglia Cacciatorpediniere): Grecale, Libeccio, Maestrale, Scirocco
- 4 destroyers (13a Squadriglia Cacciatorpediniere): Alpino, Bersagliere, Fuciliere, Granatiere

Commodore Antonio Legnani
- 2 light cruisers (8a Divisione Incrociatori): Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi, Giuseppe Garibaldi
- 2 destroyers (6a Squadriglia Cacciatorpediniere): Emanuele Pessagno, Nicoloso da Recco

Admiral of Division Sansonetti
- 3 heavy cruisers (3a Divisione Incrociatori): Bolzano, Trento, Trieste
- 3 destroyers (12a Squadriglia Cacciatorpediniere): Ascari, Carabiniere, Corazziere

Admiral of Division Carlo Cattaneo
- 3 heavy cruisers (1a Divisione Incrociatori): Fiume (sunk), Pola (sunk), Zara (sunk)
- 4 destroyers (9a Squadriglia Cacciatorpediniere): Vittorio Alfieri (sunk), Giosué Carducci (sunk), Vincenzo Gioberti, Alfredo Oriani