Cape Breton Island
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Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. It likely corresponds to the European word "Breton", referring to Brittany.
Cape Breton Island is part of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, although physically separated from the Nova Scotia peninsula by the Strait of Canso, it is artificially connected to mainland North America by the Canso Causeway. The island is located east-northeast of the mainland with its northern and western coasts fronting on the Gulf of St. Lawrence; its western coast also forming the eastern limits of the Northumberland Strait. The eastern and southern coasts front the Atlantic Ocean; its eastern coast also forming the western limits of the Cabot Strait. Its landmass slopes upward from south to north, culminating in the highlands of its northern cape. A saltwater estuary, Bras d'Or Lake, dominates the centre of the island.
The island is divided into four of Nova Scotia's eighteen counties: Cape Breton, Inverness, Richmond, and Victoria. Their total population as of the 2001 census numbered 147,454 "Cape Bretoners"; this is approximately 16% of the provincial population. Cape Breton Island has experienced a decline in population of approximately 6.8% since the previous census in 1996. Approximately 72% of the island's population is located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality (CBRM) which includes all of Cape Breton County (including two Native Reserves: Eskasoni 3 and Membertou 28B) and is often referred to as Industrial Cape Breton, given the history of coal mining and steel manufacturing in this area.
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[edit] History
Cape Breton Island's first residents were likely Maritime Archaic Indians, ancestors of the Mi'kmaq Nation, who later inhabited the island at the time of European discovery. Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) reportedly visited the island in 1497 to become the first Renaissance European explorer to visit present-day Canada. However, historians are unclear as to whether Cabot first visited Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island. This discovery is commemorated by Cape Breton's Cabot Trail.
A fishing colony was established on the island about 1522 by the Portuguese under João Alvares Fagundes. As many as 200 settlers lived in the nameless village in what is now present day Ingonish on the island's northwestern peninsula. It is unknown as to the fate of the colony but it is mentioned as late as 1570.
On February 8, 1631 Charles I granted Cape Breton Island to Robert Gordon of Lochinvar and his son Robert.
The island saw active settlement by France with the island being included in the colony of Acadia. A French garrison was established in the central eastern part at Ste-Anne in the early 18th century, before relocating to a much larger fortification at Louisbourg to improve defences at the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and defend France's fishing fleet on the Grand Banks. The French named the island "Île Royale." It remained part of colonial France until it was ceded to the Britain under the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Britain merged the island with its adjacent colony of Nova Scotia (present day peninsular Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
Some of the first British-sanctioned settlers to the island following the Seven Years' War were Irish, although upon settlement, they merged with local French communities to form a culture rich in both music and tradition. From 1763 to 1784 the island was administratively part of the colony of Nova Scotia and governed from Halifax.
In 1784, Britain split the colony of Nova Scotia into three separate colonies: New Brunswick, Cape Breton Island, and present-day peninsular Nova Scotia, in addition to the adjacent colonies of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. The colony of Cape Breton Island had its capital at Sydney on its namesake harbour fronting on Spanish Bay and the Cabot Strait. Its first Lieutenant-Governor was Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres (1784–1787) and his successor was William Macarmick (1787).
An order forbidding the granting of land in Cape Breton, issued in 1763, was removed in 1784. The mineral rights to the island were given over to the Crown by an order-in-council. The British government had intended that the Crown take over the operation of the mines when Cape Breton was made a colony, but this was never done, probably because of the rehabilitation cost of the mines. The mines were in a neglected state, caused by careless operations dating back at least to the time of the final fall of Louisbourg.
In 1820, the colony of Cape Breton Island was merged for the second time with Nova Scotia, this being present-day peninsular Nova Scotia. This development is one of the factors which led to large-scale industrial development in the Sydney Coal Field of eastern Cape Breton County (see Industrial Cape Breton). By the late 19th century, as a result of the faster shipping, expanding fishery and industrialization of the island, exchanges of people between the island of Newfoundland and Cape Breton increased beginning a cultural exchange that continues to this day.
During the first half of the 19th century, Cape Breton Island experienced an influx of Highland Scots numbering approximately 50,000 as a result of the Highland Clearances. Today, the descendants of the Highland Scots dominate Cape Breton Island's culture, particularly in rural communities. To this day Gaelic is still the first language of a number of elderly Cape Bretonners. A campaign by the provincial government during the 19th and early 20th centuries aimed to eradicate the use of Gaelic among school children. The growing influence of English-dominated media from outside the Scottish communities saw the use of this language erode quickly during the 20th century. Many of the Scots who immigrated there were either Roman Catholics or Presbyterians.
Tourism promotions beginning in the 1950s recognized the importance of the Scottish culture to the province (although it wasn't dominant throughout Nova Scotia), and the provincial government started encouraging the use of Gaelic once again. The establishment of funding for the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts and formal Gaelic language instruction in public schools are intended to address the near-loss of this culture to English assimilation.
The turn of the 20th century saw Cape Breton Island at the forefront of scientific achievement with the now-famous activities launched by inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Guglielmo Marconi.
Following his successful invention of the telephone and relatively wealthy, Bell acquired land near Baddeck in 1885, largely due to surroundings reminiscent of his early years in Scotland. He established a summer estate complete with research laboratories, working with deaf people - including Helen Keller - and continued to invent. Baddeck would be the site of his experiments with hydrofoil technologies as well as the Aerial Experiment Association, financed by his wife, which saw the first powered flight in the British Empire when the AEA Silver Dart took off from the ice-covered waters of Bras d'Or Lake. Bell also built the forerunner to the iron lung and he experimented with genetically modified sheep.
Marconi's contributions to Cape Breton Island were somewhat less than Bell's as he merely used the island's geography to his advantage in transmitting the first trans-Atlantic radio message from a station constructed at Table Head in Glace Bay to a receiving station at Poldhu in Cornwall, England.
[edit] Geography
The island measures 10,311 km² in area (3,981 square miles), making it the 75th largest island in the world and Canada's 18th largest island. Cape Breton Island is composed mainly of rocky shores, rolling farmland, glacial valleys, barren headlands, mountains, woods and plateaus. Geological evidence suggests that at least part of the island was originally joined with present-day Scotland and Norway, now separated by millions of years of continental drift.
The northern portion of Cape Breton is dominated by the Cape Breton Highlands, commonly called the Highlands, an extension of the Appalachian mountain chain. The Highlands comprise the northern portions of Inverness and Victoria counties. In 1936 the federal government established the Cape Breton Highlands National Park covering 949 km² across the northern third of the Highlands. The Cabot Trail scenic highway also encircles the coastal perimeter of the plateau.
Cape Breton's hydrological features include the Bras d'Or Lake system, a salt-water fjord at the heart of the island, and freshwater features including Lake Ainslie, the Margaree River system, and the Mira River. Innumerable smaller rivers and streams drain into the Bras d'Or Lake estuary and onto the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Atlantic coasts. Cape Breton Island is divided into four counties: Cape Breton, Inverness, Richmond, and Victoria.
Cape Breton Island is now joined to the mainland by the Canso Causeway, completed in 1955, enabling direct road and rail traffic to and from the island, but requiring marine traffic to pass through the Canso Canal at the eastern end of the causeway.
[edit] Demographics
The five main cultures are Scottish, Mi'kmaq, Acadian, Irish, and English, with respective languages Gaelic, Míkmaq, French,and English. English is now the primary spoken language, though Míkmaq, Gaelic and Acadian French are still heard.
Later migrations of black Loyalists, Italians, and Eastern Europeans enriched the eastern part of the island around Industrial Cape Breton. Cape Breton has been seeing a population exodus in recent years.
According to the Census of Canada, the population of Cape Breton Island in 2001 was 147,454, a 6.8% decline from 158,260 in 1996.
Racial/Ethnic Composition
Religious Groups
Statistics Canada in 2001 reported a "religion" total of 107,880 for Cape Breton, including 3,915 with "no religious affiliation."[1] Major categories included:
- Roman Catholic: 69,820
- Protestant: 32,575 (including 13,790 United Church and 10,170 Anglican)
- Orthodox: 395
- Jewish: 235
- Muslim: 135
Synagogues in Sydney and Glace Bay serve a small historic Jewish community (which was once one of the larger ones in eastern Canada) while more recent Muslim immigrants hold Friday prayers at Cape Breton University. Buddhists are a tiny minority (70 in 2001, according to Statistics Canada), although Gampo Abbey in Pleasant Bay has been operational since 1984.
[edit] Economy
Cape Breton Island has two major coal deposits: the Sydney Coal Field in the southeastern part of the island along the Atlantic Ocean drove the Industrial Cape Breton economy throughout the 19th and 20th centuries - until after World War II its industries were the largest private employers in Canada; the Inverness Coal Field in the western part of the island along the Gulf of St. Lawrence is significantly smaller but hosted several mines.
Sydney has traditionally been the main port, with various facilities in a large, sheltered, natural harbour. It is the Island's largest commercial center and home to the Island's daily newspaper, the Cape Breton Post, as well as its only active television studio, CJCB-TV, and several radio stations. The Marine Atlantic terminal at North Sydney is the terminal for large ferries travelling to Channel–Port aux Basques and seasonally to Argentia on the island of Newfoundland.
Point Edward on the west side of Sydney Harbour is the location of Sydport, a former navy base now converted to commercial use. The Canadian Coast Guard College is located nearby at Westmount. Petroleum, bulk coal, and cruise ship facilities are also located in Sydney Harbour.
Glace Bay is the second largest urban community in population and was the island's main coal mining centre until its last mine ceased operation in the 1980s. Glace Bay served as the hub of the Sydney & Louisburg Railway and also as a major fishing port. At one time, Glace Bay was known as the largest town in Nova Scotia, based on population.
Port Hawkesbury has risen to prominence since the completion of the Canso Causeway and Canso Canal created an artificial deep-water port, allowing extensive petrochemical, pulp and paper, and gypsum handling facilities to be established. The Strait of Canso is completely navigable to seaway-max vessels, and Port Hawkesbury is open to the deepest-draught vessels on the world's oceans. Large marine vessels may also enter Bras d'Or Lake through the Great Bras d'Or channel whereas small craft have the additional use of the Little Bras d'Or channel or St. Peters Canal. The St. Peters Canal is no longer used by commercial shipping on Cape Breton Island but is an important waterway for recreational vessels.
The industrial Cape Breton area faced several challenges with the closure of the Cape Breton Development Corporation's (DEVCO) coal mines and the Sydney Steel Corporation's (SYSCO) steel mill. In recent years the Island's residents have been attempting to diversify the area economy by investing in tourism developments, call centres, and small businesses, as well as manufacturing ventures in such fields as auto parts, pharmaceuticals, and window glazings.
While the Cape Breton Regional Municipality is in transition from an industrial to a service-based economy, the rest of Cape Breton Island outside of the industrial area surrounding Sydney has been more stable, with a mixture of fishing, forestry, small-scale agriculture, and tourism.
Tourism in particular has grown throughout the post-Second World War era, especially the growth in vehicle-based touring, which was furthered by the creation of the Cabot Trail scenic drive. The scenery of the island is rivaled in northeastern North America only by Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island tourism marketing places a heavy emphasis on its Scottish Gaelic heritage through events such as the Celtic Colours Festival, held each October, as well as promotions through the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts.
The primary east-west road on the island is Nova Scotia Highway 105, the Trans-Canada Highway, although Nova Scotia Route 4 is also heavily used. Nova Scotia Highway 125 is an important arterial route around Sydney Harbour in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality. The Cabot Trail, circling the Cape Breton Highlands, and Nova Scotia Route 19, along the western coast of the island, are important secondary roads. Railway connections between the port of Sydney to Canadian National Railway in Truro are maintained by the Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway.
The Cabot Trail is a scenic road circuit around and over the Cape Breton Highlands with spectacular coastal vistas; over 400,000 visitors drive the Cabot Trail each summer and fall. Coupled with Fortress Louisbourg, it has driven the growth of the tourism industry on the island in recent decades. The Condé Nast travel guide has rated Cape Breton Island as one of the best island destinations in the world.
[edit] Traditional Music
Cape Breton is well known for its fiddle music, which was brought to North America by Scottish immigrants during the Highland Clearances. The traditional style has been well preserved in Cape Breton, and ceilidhs have become a popular attraction for summer tourists. Inverness County in particular has a heavy concentration of musical activity, with regular performances in communities such as Mabou and Judique. Judique is recognized as 'Bhaile nam Fonn', (literally: Village of Tunes) or the 'Home of Celtic Music', where you can visit the Celtic Music Interpretive Centre. Performers who have received significant recognition outside of Cape Breton include Natalie MacMaster, Ashley MacIsaac, The Rankin Family, The Barra MacNeils and Buddy MacMaster.
The Men of the Deeps are a male choral group of current and former miners from the industrial Cape Breton area.
[edit] Notable facts
- Cape Breton has a large contaminated industrial site. The Sydney Tar Ponds and coke oven sites are located near Whitney Pier in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Waste from the coke ovens and steel plant was dumped in the ponds during the industry's heyday. The problem is further compounded by the former municipal dump uphill from these sites. The landfill has now been capped. A 400-million dollar cleanup plan is currently underway. Early stages of environmental remediation have begun.
- District 26, United Mine Workers of America, from the Industrial Cape Breton region was the only district of the UMWA to attempt to join the Red International of Trade Unions.
- Fortress Louisbourg is Canada's largest National Historic Site and the largest historic restoration in North America - it depicts the 18th-century fortified French harbour town of Louisbourg.
- Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born inventor who eventually settled permanently at his summer residence near Baddeck on Cape Breton Island's Bras d'Or Lake. He is credited with inventing the telephone, hydrofoil, hearing aid, and iron lung, as well as doing extensive work with hearing- and visually-impaired persons, notably Helen Keller. Bell contributed to the design of the Silver Dart, an aircraft that made the first powered flight in the British Empire from the ice of Bras d'Or Lake. He and his wife are buried on their estate near Baddeck.
- The Marconi Museum in Glace Bay is a museum celebrating the first trans-Atlantic radio signals sent by Marconi.
- Glen Breton, based in Inverness County, is the only single malt whisky distillery in North America.
- A former coal mine at Port Morien is considered the first commercially-ran coal mine in North America, supplying Louisbourg with coal in the 1700's.
[edit] Films / Television
- Johnny Belinda by Elmer Blaney Harris.
- Margaret's Museum starring Helena Bonham Carter.
- The Bay Boy starring Kiefer Sutherland.
- New Waterford Girl
- The Hanging Garden
- Marion Bridge
- My Bloody Valentine
- Pit Pony, TV movie and series adapted from the novel by Joyce Barkhouse
- Mass for Shut Ins
[edit] Famous Persons
[edit] Musicians
- singer-songwriter John Allan Cameron of Glencoe Station, credited as the "Godfather" of Cape Breton's modern Celtic music revival
- singer-songwriter Rita MacNeil of Big Pond
- The Rankin Family from Mabou
- the Barra MacNeils
- fiddle player Buddy MacMaster of Judique
- fiddle player Natalie MacMaster of Troy
- fiddle player Ashley MacIsaac of Creignish
- actor, playwright, theatre director and film director Daniel MacIvor.
- Gaelic singer Mary Jane Lamond
- singer-songwriter Bruce Guthro
- singer-songwriter Aselin Debison
- singer-songwriter Nathan Bishop of Celtae
- singer-songwriter Gordie Sampson of Big Pond
- singer-songwriter Cyril MacPhee of St. Peters
- singer-songwriter Andrew Doyle of Sydney Mines
[edit] Athletes
- Mike McPhee
- Al MacInnis
- Mike Forgeron
- Johnny Miles
[edit] Television & Film
- Danny Gallivan, Hockey Night in Canada sportscaster
- Daniel Petrie
- Randy Conrad, teenager who described a McDonald's sandwich as "one gigantic cornucopia of awesomeness"
[edit] Other
- Elizabeth May Leader of the Green Party of Canada
- Alistair MacLeod Author
- Angus MacAskill Giant
- Allan MacEachen Former Deputy Prime Minister / Finance Minister
- Lesley Crewe Author of Relative Happiness and Shoot Me
- Mayann Francis First Black Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
[edit] See also
- Canadian Gaelic
- Cape Breton accent
- Cape Breton Labour Party
- Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia
- Provinces and territories of Canada
- Province of Cape Breton
- Cape Breton
[edit] References
- Counties of Nova Scotia; Statistics Canada
- Sea islands: Natural Resources Canada Atlas of Canada
- Cape Breton County and its divisions, Nova Scotia; Statistics Canada
[edit] External links
- Cape Breton on Uncyclopedia
- Cape Breton Wireless Heritage Society
- Movement for a Free and Independent Province of Cape Breton
