CPU power dissipation

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CPUs (Central processing units) in their various incarnations consume some amount of electric power. This power is dissipated both by the action of the switching devices contained in the CPU (such as transistors or vacuum tubes) as well as energy lost in the form of heat due to the resistivity of the electrical circuits. This is a major consideration in the design of CPUs and the computers they are used in.

Some implementations of CPUs use very little power. For example, the CPUs in mobile phones and pacemakers often use just a few microwatts. On the other hand, CPUs in general purpose microcomputers dissipate significantly more power because of their higher complexity and speed. These microelectronic CPUs may consume power in the order of several watts. Historically, early CPUs implemented with vacuum tubes consumed power in the order of many kilowatts (10³ watts).

CPUs for desktop computers typically use more power than any other component inside the computer, except perhaps recent technology video cards which contain special purpose CPUs themselves. The steady trend in CPU power supplies over the past decade has been towards using lower voltages and having considerably higher currents. While energy-saving features have been instituted in PCs for when they are idle, the overall consumption of today's high-drain CPUs is considerable. This is in strong contrast with the much lower energy consumption of CPUs designed for low-power environments. One such CPU, the Intel XScale, can run at 600 MHz with only half a watt of power, whereas x86 PC processors from Intel in the same performance bracket consume roughly eighty times as much energy.

Processor manufacturers usually release two power consumption numbers for a CPU, the typical thermal power, which is measured under normal load, and the maximum thermal power, which is measured under a worst-case set of instructions. For example, the Pentium 4 2.8 GHz has 68.4 W typical thermal power and 85 W maximum thermal power. When the CPU is idle, it will draw far less than the typical thermal power.

There are some engineering reasons for this pattern.

Performing at higher speed always requires higher power. Reducing processor speed when possible saves power.
New features generally require more transistors, each of which uses power. Turning unused areas off saves power.
As a processor model's design matures, smaller transistors, lower-voltage structures, and design experience reduce power consumption.

[edit] Early CPUs

Note that these figures include power dissipation due to energy lost by the computer's power supply and some minor peripherals. However, since the CPU component of these early computers easily accounted for most of the computer's power dissipation, they are mentioned here:

EDVAC, 50 kW average
ORDVAC, 35 kW average
UNIVAC I, 124.5 kW average

[edit] Microelectronic CPUs

If not stated otherwise, the amount of dissipated watts refers to the peak-value.

[edit] IBM processors

[edit] PowerPC

Dual-core PowerPC MPC8641D 90 nm, 2 GHz, 1.2 V, 15-25 W
PowerPC 750FX 0.13 µm, 900 MHz, 1.2 V, 3.6 W
PowerPC 750CXe 0.18 µm, 600 MHz, 1.8 V, 6 W
PowerPC MGT560 0.20 µm, 56 MHz 2.7 V, .5 W (Performance=56MIPS)
PowerPC 440GX, 800 MHz, 4.5 W
PowerPC 970, 1.8 GHz, 1.3 V, 42 W
PowerPC 7400e, 1.0 GHz, 1.6 V, 30 W

[edit] Intel processors

[edit] Intel XScale

80321 600 MHz, 0.5 watt

[edit] Intel Pentium

Pentium 75 MHz, 3.3 V, 8.0 W
Pentium 90 MHz, 3.3 V, 9.0 W
Pentium 100 MHz, 3.3 V, 10.1 W
Pentium 120 MHz, 3.3 V, 11.9 W
Pentium 133 MHz, 3.3 V, 11.2 W
Pentium 150 MHz, 3.3 V, 11.6 W
Pentium 166 MHz, 3.5 V, 14.5 W
Pentium 200 MHz, 3.5 V, 15.5 W

[edit] Intel Pentium MMX

Pentium MMX 166 MHz, 2.8 V, 13.1 W
Pentium MMX 200 MHz, 2.8 V, 15.7 W
Pentium MMX 233 MHz, 2.8 V, 17.0 W

[edit] Intel Pentium II

Pentium II Mobile 233 MHz, 9 W (TDP)
Pentium II Mobile 266 MHz, 9.8 W (TDP)
Pentium II 233 MHz, 34.8 W (TDP)
Pentium II (Klamath) 266 MHz, 38.6 W (TDP)
Pentium II (Deschutes) 266 MHz, 16.8 W (TDP)
Pentium II (Klamath) 300 MHz, 43.0 W (TDP)
Pentium II (Deschutes) 400 MHz, 24.3 W (TDP)
Pentium II 450 MHz, 27.1 W (TDP)

[edit] Intel Pentium III

Pentium III (Katmai) 450 MHz, 25.3 W (TDP)
Pentium III (Katmai) 500 MHz, 28.0 W (TDP)
Pentium III (Coppermine) 500Mhz, 13.2 W (TDP)
Pentium III (Katmai) 600 MHz, 34.5 W (TDP)
Pentium III (Coppermine) 600 MHz, 15.8 W (TDP)
Pentium III 700 MHz, 18.3W (TDP)
Pentium III 733 MHz (SECC2), 19.1W (TDP)
Pentium III 733 MHz (F-PGA), 22.8W (TDP)
Pentium III 850 MHz, 25.7W (TDP)
Pentium III 866 MHz, 26.1W (TDP)
Pentium III 933 MHz (SECC2), 25.5W (TDP)
Pentium III 933 MHz (F-PGA), 24.5W - 27.3W (TDP)
Pentium III 1000 MHz, 29.0W (TDP)
Pentium III 1266 MHz, 29.5W (TDP)

[edit] Intel Pentium 4

Model	Clock Speed	Power
P4 2.4C	2.4 GHz	67.6W
P4 3.06 HT	3.06 GHz	81.8W
560J	3.6 GHz	115W

[edit] Intel Pentium D

Model	Clock Speed	Power
D805	2.66 Ghz	95W
D820	2.8 GHz	95W
D840	3.2 GHz	130W
D920	2.8 GHz	95W
D960 B1 Stepping	3.6 Ghz	130W
D960 D0 Stepping	3.6 Ghz	95W

[edit] Itanium processor

Model	Clock Speed	Power
	1.66 GHz	122W
	1.6 GHz	122W
	1.5 GHz	107W
	1.4 GHz	91W
	1.3 GHz	97W
	1.0 GHz	100W

[edit] Intel Pentium M

Model	Clock Speed	Power	Efficiency (MHz/Watt)
780	2.16 GHz	27 W	80.0
770	2.13 GHz	27 W	78.9
765	2.1 GHz	21 W	100
760	2.0 GHz	27 W	74.1
755	2.0 GHz	21 W	95.2
750	1.86 GHz	27 W	68.9
745	1.8 GHz	21 W	85.7
740	1.73 GHz	27 W	64.1
735	1.7 GHz	21 W	81.0
730	1.6 GHz	27 W	59.3
725	1.6 GHz	21 W	76.2
715	1.5 GHz	21 W	71.4
705	1.5 GHz	21 W	71.4

[edit] Intel Core Solo

Model	Clock Speed	Power
T1400	1.83 GHz	27 W
T1300	1.66 GHz	27 W
U1400	1.2 GHz	5.5 W
U1300	1.06 GHz	5.5 W

[edit] Intel Core Duo

T - Standard, L - Low Voltage, U - Ultra Low Voltage

Model	Clock Speed	Power
T2600	2.16 GHz	31 W
T2500	2.0 GHz	31 W
T2400	1.83 GHz	31 W
T2300	1.66 GHz	31 W
L2400	1.66 GHz	15 W
L2300	1.50 GHz	15 W
U2500	1.20 GHz	9 W
U2400	1.06 GHz	9 W

[edit] Intel Core 2 Duo

Model	Clock Speed	Power
QX6700	2.66 GHz	130 W
E6700	2.66 GHz	65 W
E6600	2.40 GHz	65 W
E6400	2.13 GHz	65 W
E6300	1.86 GHz	65 W
E4300	1.80 GHz	65 W
X6800	2.93 GHz	75 W
T7600	2.33 GHz	34 W
T7400	2.17 GHz	34 W
T7200	2.00 GHz	34 W
T5600	1.83 GHz	34 W
T5500	1.67 GHz	34 W
L7400	1.50 GHz	17 W
L7200	1.33 GHz	17 W