Curse
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A curse is the effective action of some power, distinguished solely by the quality of adversity that it brings. A curse may also be said to result from a spell or prayer, imprecation or execration, or other imposition by magic or witchcraft, asking that a god, natural force, or spirit bring misfortune to someone.
The forms of curses found in various cultures comprise a significant proportion of the study of both folk religion and folklore.
[edit] Philosophy and religion
Belief in curses is found in many cultures and is mentioned in the scriptures of many religions. But most established religions forbid such practices outright, but others, citing the long history of scriptural curses, utilize them only in defense against evil that struck at them first. All religions offer forms of blessings of homes and objects and people, with the intent of removing curses. Typically then a curse is only a category or type of something much larger, namely the entirety of any given culture's religio-magical paradigm.
Some people believe curses to be strictly psychological in effect and/or superstitious in nature; these people generally hold rationalist opposing viewpoints to the opinion that curses are actual and real.
–The Secret of Spells, Prayers, Curses and Chants. (By http://www.saulat.comQaboos 15:19, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
The greatest secret possessed by ancient mystics and occultists, which has been handed down from generation to generation by oral tradition, is this: Spells, prayers, curses, etc., work effectively to the degree that they are charged with emotion. Incantations do not work by virtue of "magical formula" or by virtue of sentence structure (the uninitiated always search for "power" names and words). Spells, prayers, curses and Hexes work because you want them to work, and not because you rhymed in verse. The secret lies not in the syllables, but in the emotional charge behind the articulation. Certainly there are formulae, witches-spells and mantras. But the fact remains that without the emotional charge behind them, they would be but vain utterings, fruitless and empty words.
[edit] Folk use
The deliberate levying of curses is often part of the practice of magic, taking place at the boundary between organized religion and folkloric customs. The curse makes effective part in the Hindu culture (The Fakir has the bless and curse power).
Special names for specific types of curses can be found in various cultures:
- African American hoodoo presents us with the jinx and crossed conditions, as well as a form of foot track magic, whereby cursed objects are laid in the paths of victims and activated when walked over.
- Middle Eastern and Mediterranean culture is the source of the belief in the evil eye, which may be the result of envy but, more rarely, is said to be the result of a deliberate curse.
- German people, including the Pennsylvania Dutch speak in terms of hexing (from the German word for witchcraft), and a common hex in days past was that laid by a stable-witch who caused milk cows to go dry and horses to go lame.
[edit] Ancient Greek and Roman curses
Greek and Roman curses were somewhat formal and official. Called katadesmoi by the Greeks and tabulae defixiones by the Romans, they were written on lead tablets or other materials, generally invoked the aid of a spirit (a deity, a demon, or one of the dead) to accomplish their aim, and were placed in some place considered effective for their activation, such as in a tomb, cemetery, or sacred spring or well.
In the text of katadesmoi and defixiones, the petitioner uttered a prayer or formula that the enemy would suffer injury in some specific way, along with the reason therefore, such as theft or loss of respect.
The Romans, Etruscans, and Greeks in Italy all practiced this custom. They buried the curses so well that today we have a body of curse inscriptions to tell us how they did it.
[edit] Celtic curses
In the Celtic world there was also many different forms of curses. Some of the most well known from Ireland are Curse stones, Egg curses, New Year curses and Milk curses.
Curse stones generally involved particle stones with the power to curse. One example involved turning a stone three times and saying the name of the person you wanted to curse.
Egg curses are a fertility curse. If you buried/hid eggs on someone else's land it was believed you could steal their lands fertility and therefore their luck. There are also some well documented methods believed to break these curses.
New year curses are like egg curses. If you took something from someone on the new year you took their luck for the year. People used to not clean their house or throw out water for this reason. In Munster you can see a similar form in the may bush and the stealing of may bushes. Stealing back the item or bush is believed to return the luck.
Milk curses were curses put on a household where the milk from others cows went to yours.
[edit] Curses in the Bible
The first curse in the Bible is put on the serpent by God (Genesis 3:14). As a result of Adam and Eve disobeying God, the ground is also cursed: "in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life." (3:17) Pain in childbirth is also increased.
In the New Testament Paul sees curses as central to the meaning of Jesus's crucifixion. In Galatians 3:13 he says: "Christ redeems us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us...". He refers to Deuteronomy: " anyone who is hung on a tree is under God's curse." (21:23)
Some passages in the Tanakh treat curses as being effective techniques; they see a curse as an objective reality with real power. However, most sections of the Bible conceive a curse to be merely a wish, to be fulfilled by God only when just and deserved.
According to the Book of Proverbs, an undeserved curse has no effect (Proverbs 26:2), but may fall back upon the head of him who utters it (Genesis 12:3; Sirach 21:27), or may be turned by God into a blessing, as in the case of Balaam (Deuteronomy 23:5).
The declaration of punishments (Gen. 3:14, 17; 4:11), the utterance of threats (Jeremiah 11:3, 17:5; Malachi i. 14), and the proclamation of laws (Deut. 11:26-28, 27:15 et seq.) received added solemnity and force when conditioned by a curse.
In the Bible, cursing is generally characteristic of the godless (Ps. 10:7), but may serve as a weapon in the mouth of the wronged, the oppressed, and those who are zealous for God and righteousness (Judges 9:57; Prov. 11:26, 30:10).
A righteous curse, especially when uttered by persons in authority, was believed to be unfailing in its effect (Gen. 9:25, 27:12; II Kings 2:24; Ecclus. Sirach 3:11). One who had received exemplary punishment at the hands of God was frequently held up, in cursing, as a terrifying object-lesson (Jer. 23: 22), and such a person was said to be, or to have become, a curse (II Kings 22:19; Jer. 24:9, 25: 18; Zechariah 8:13). An elaborate trial by ordeal for a woman suspected by her husband of adultery is set forth in Numbers 5:11-30; this involved drinking a "bitter water that brings a curse"; if the woman were guilty, she would suffer miscarriage and infertility.
It is especially forbidden to curse God (Exodus 22:28), parents (Ex. 21:17; Leviticus 20:9; Prov. 20:20, 30: 11), the authorities (Ex. 22:28; Eccl. 10:20), and the helpless deaf (Lev. 19:14).
[edit] Curses in Rabbinic literature
A number of sections of the Talmud show a belief in the power of curses (Berachot 19a, 56a.) In some cases, a curse is described as related to the nature of a prayer (Ta'an. 23b); an undeserved curse is described as ineffective (Makkot 11a) and falls back upon the head of him who utters it (Sanhedrin 49a).
Not only is a curse uttered by a scholar unfailing in its effect, even if undeserved (Mak. 11a), but one should not regard lightly even the curse uttered by an ignorant man (Meg. 15a).
The Biblical prohibitions of cursing are legally elaborated, and extended to self-cursing (Shebu. 35a). A woman that curses her husband's parents in his presence is divorced and loses her dowry (Ket. 72a).
Cursing may be permissible when prompted by religious motives. For instance, a curse is uttered against those who mislead the people by calculating, on the basis of Biblical passages, when the Messiah will come (Sanhedrin 97b). Cursed are those who are guilty of actions which, though not forbidden, are considered reprehensible.
According to legend, some rabbinic scholars cursed sometimes not only with their mouths, but also with an angry, fixed look. The consequence of such a look was either immediate death or poverty (Sotah 46b, and parallel passages). (See Evil eye)
[edit] Curses in the Qur'an
- See main article Curses in Islam
The Qur'an, verse Surah 33, verse 68:
- "Our Lord! Give them double Penalty and curse them with a very great Curse!"
[edit] Cursed places
Certain landmarks or locales are said to be cursed. Various lakes, rivers and mountains have been called cursed, as has the Sargasso Sea. However even when there is a tradition of a place "taking someone" every number of years it is not always considered cursed. For example, someone is said to drown in Lough Gur in Limerick, Ireland every 7 years but the lake is not considered "cursed" by the locals. The alleged Bermuda Triangle effect is believed by some to be some form of curse (and by others to be some unexplained natural phenomena).
[edit] Curse to the United States presidency
Tecumseh's curse was reputed to cause the deaths in office of Presidents of the United States elected in years divisible by 20, beginning in 1840. This alleged curse appears to have fallen dormant, since Ronald Reagan, (elected in 1980) survived an assassination attempt, and George W. Bush (elected in 2000) narrowly survived choking to death on a pretzel.
[edit] Sports-related curses
A number of curses are used to explain the failures or misfortunes of specific sports teams, players, or even cities. For example...
- The Curse of the Billy Goat is used to explain the failures of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, who have not won a World Series championship since 1908, and a National League pennant since 1945.
- There was the Curse of the Bambino, on the Boston Red Sox major league baseball team, who never won a World Series, until the 2004 World Series, when the BoSox defeated the St. Louis Cardinals, 4 games to 0.
- Players who appear on the covers of either the Sports Illustrated magazine or the Madden NFL video game have tended to, coincidentally, suffer setbacks or injuries, immediately after appearing on either cover.
- Some think that the NHL's St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, and the Los Angeles Kings are cursed. Each team has not won a Stanley Cup championship, since 1967. For the Blues and Kings, 1967 was the season that each team joined the NHL, also implying that each team has never won the Stanley Cup.
- There was the Curse of 1940, which was placed on the New York Rangers for 54 years. But that curse was broken in the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals, with a 4 games to 3 victory against the Vancouver Canucks.
- The Curse of Detroit is a more recent Stanley Cup related curse, penned by Hockey Night in Canada host Ron MacLean. In every NHL season since the Detroit Red Wings won the 2002 Stanley Cup championship, each team that has defeated Detroit in the playoffs has gone on to the Stanley Cup Finals, and on each occasion, has lost to the Eastern Conference team in seven games. In the 2003 Stanley Cup Playoffs, the Anaheim Mighty Ducks won the Western Conference Quarterfinals series against Detroit 4-0 and eventually ended up in the Stanley Cup Finals, losing the series to the New Jersey Devils 4-3. In the 2004 Stanley Cup Playoffs, the Calgary Flames won the Western Conference Semifinals series against Detroit 4-2 and eventually ended up in the Stanley Cup Finals, losing the series to the Tampa Bay Lightning 4-3. Following the 2004-05 NHL lockout, in the 2006 Stanley Cup Playoffs, the Edmonton Oilers won the Western Conference Quarterfinals series against Detroit 4-2 and eventually ended up in the Stanley Cup Finals, losing the series to the Carolina Hurricanes 4-3. Currently in the 2006-07 NHL season, Detroit is in first place in the Western Conference and is likely to qualify for the 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs, with the possibility of the curse continuing this season.
- There was an alleged cursed placed on the Los Angeles Lakers, whenever they played the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals, especially at the old Boston Garden. Some moments included Frank Selvy's missed 18-foot game-winning shot in 1962, Boston's stunning win at the Forum in Game 7 in 1969, the Heat Game (Game 5 of the 1984 NBA Finals), and the "Memorial Day Massacre" (Game 1 of the 1985 NBA Finals). But the "leprechaun jinx" ended, with the Lakers' 111-100 victory in Game 6 of the '85 Finals, to win the series, 4 games to 2. The setting was ironically in their most hated building, Boston Garden.
- There is an alleged sports curse on the cities of Philadelphia, Cleveland and San Diego[1], considering that they are unable to win championships, even if they have powerful teams.
- For Philadelphia, the city has only celebrated 12 championships (within the 4 major leagues [NHL, NFL, MLB, NBA]) in over 125 sports years. They have not won a title, since the 1983 Philadelphia 76ers swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA Finals. It is rumored that a statue, since the '83 championship, has been the cause of all misery in the City of Brotherly Love.
- Further information: Curse of Billy Penn
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- For Cleveland, the city has not celebrated a championship since the 1964 Cleveland Browns upset the heavily favored Baltimore Colts in the NFL Championship Game. Since then, some of their most infamous moments have been detailed, with a "The______" notion (The Catch, The Drive, The Shot, The Fumble). No name has been established for all of Cleveland's misery, although some can trace it to either Rocky Colavito's departure to the Detroit Tigers in 1960, or Jim Brown's stunning retirement from the NFL in 1965, to produce the World War II film, the Dirty Dozen.
- Further information: Curse of Rocky Colavito
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- For San Diego, the city has the honor (or shame) to be the largest United States city to have not won a Super Bowl, World Series, Stanley Cup, NBA Finals or any other Major League sports championship, although they had won the 1963 AFL Championship. The source of the curse is unknown.
- Further information: San Diego Sports Curse
[edit] Cursed objects
Cursed objects are generally supposed to have been stolen from their rightful owners or looted from a sanctuary. The Hope Diamond is supposed to bear such a curse, and bring misfortune to its owner. The stories behind why these items are cursed vary, but they usually are said to bring bad luck or to manifest unusual phenomena related to their presence. The idea has broad pop-culture appeal, from eponymous object in the 1902 horror short story "The Monkey's Paw" to the "Lament Configuration" puzzle box in the modern Hellraiser movie series.
[edit] Mummies
There is a broad popular belief in curses being associated with the violation of the tombs of mummified corpses, or of the mummies themselves. The idea became so widespread as to become a pop-culture mainstay, especially in horror films (though originally the curse was invisible, a series of mysterious deaths, rather than the walking-dead mummies of later fiction). The "Curse of the Pharaohs" is supposed to have haunted the archaeologists who excavated the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, whereby an imprecation was supposedly pronounced from the grave by the ancient Egyptian priests, on anyone who violated its precincts. Similar dubious suspicions have surrounded the excavation and examination of the (natural, not embalmed) Alpine mummy, "Ötzi the Iceman".
[edit] Fraudulent curses
[original research?] Some people claiming to be gifted in magic or witchcraft set up business to exploit fears, in order to profit from the superstitious and gullible. This has been a very large part of the mythos (and bad reputation) of the modern day Roma people (Gypsies), as well as Voodoo and Santeria practitioners, who among other things peddle both in curses and cures for curses. In most respects these schemes are not particularly distinguishable from other dubious claims of supernatural power, such as those of palm readers, the Psychic Friends Network, tarot card readers or crystal therapists.
[edit] See also
- Book curse
- Curse of the Bambino
- Curse of the Billy Goat
- Curse of 1940
- Kennedy curse
- Motif of harmful sensation
- Nocebo: see "Ambiguity of Anthropological Usage".
- Tecumseh's curse
- The cursed videotape
[edit] References
- Curse tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World by John G. Gager ISBN 0-19-506226-4
- Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression ISSN US 0363-3659
[edit] External links
- Rotten Library Article on Hexes
