Cyprian Norwid
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Cyprian Kamil Norwid, a.k.a. Cyprian Konstanty Norwid (September 24, 1821– May 23, 1883) is a nationally esteemed Polish poet, dramatist, painter and sculptor. He was born in the Masovian village of Lasków-Głuchy near Warsaw. Norwid is regarded as one of the second generation of romantics. He wrote many well-known poems including Fortepian Szopena ("Chopin's Piano") and Bema pamięci żałobny-rapsod ("Bem's Rhapsody"). Norwid led a tragic and often poverty-stricken life. He experienced increasing health problems, unrequited love, harsh critical reviews, and increasing social isolation. He lived abroad most of his life, especially in London and in Paris, where he died.
Norwid’s original and non-conformist style was not appreciated in his lifetime and partially due to this fact, he was excluded from high society. His work was only rediscovered and appreciated during the Young Poland art period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He is now considered one of the four most important Polish Romantic poets. Some literary historians, however, consider this an over-simplification, and regard his style to be more characteristic of classicism and parnasism.
[edit] Biography
Born into the Topór coat-of-arms, Cyprian Norwid and his brother Ludwig were early orphaned, and for most of their childhoods were educated at Warsaw schools. In 1830 Norwid interrupted his schooling (not having completed the fifth grade) and joined a private painters' school. This irregular and unstable formal education forced him to be self-taught.
His first foray into the literary sphere occurred through the periodical Piśmiennictwo Krajowe (Writings of the Nation), where his first poem "Mój ostatni sonet" ("My Last Sonnet") was published in Issue 8, in 1840.
[edit] Europe
In 1842, Norwid travelled to Dresden, ostensibly to gain instruction in sculpture. He also later visited Venice and Florence. After he settled in Rome in 1844, his fiancée Kamila broke off their engagement. Later he met Maria of Nesselrod Kalergis, who became his "lost love", even as Norwid's health deteriorated.
The poet also travelled to Berlin, where he participated in university lectures and meetings with the local Polonia. It was a time for Norwid where he made many social, artistic and political acquaintances. After being arrested and forced to leave Prussia in 1846, Norwid went to Brussels. During the European Revolutions of 1848, he stayed in Rome, where he met fellow Polish intellectuals Adam Mickiewicz and Zygmunt Krasiński.
During 1849-1852, Norwid resided in Paris, where he met fellow Poles Frédéric Chopin and Juliusz Słowacki, as well as Russians Ivan Turgenev and Alexander Herzen. Financial hardship, unrequited love, political misunderstandings, and negative critical reception of his works put Norwid in a dire situation at this stage. Norwid lived in poverty and suffered from progressive blindness and deafness, but he still managed to publish his work in the Parisian publication Goniec polski.
[edit] U.S.A.
Under the protection of Władysław Zamoyski, Norwid decided to emigrate to the United States of America on September 29, 1852. He arrived on the ship Margaret Evans in New York on February 12, 1853, and during the spring, obtained a well-paying job at a graphics firm. By autumn, he had learned about the outbreak of the Crimean War. This made him consider a return to Europe, and he wrote to Mickiewicz and Herzen requesting their assistance to make this possible.
[edit] Paris
During April 1854, Norwid returned to Europe with Prince Marcel Lubomirski. He lived in London and earned enough money through artistic endeavours to be finally able to return to Paris. With his artistic work revived, Norwid was able to publish several works. Norwid took a very keen interest in the outbreak of the January Uprising in 1863. Although he could not participate personally due to his poor health, Norwid hoped to personally influence the outcome of the event.
In 1866, the poet finished his work on Vade-Mecum, a vast anthology of verse. However, despite his greatest efforts and formidable contacts, it was unable to be published. This included Prince Władysław Czartoryski failing to grant the poet the loan he had promised.
In the subsequent years, Norwid lived in extreme poverty and suffered from tuberculosis. His cousin, Michał Kleczkowski, later relocated Norwid to the nursing home of St. Casimir's Institute, on the outskirts of Paris. During the last months of his life, Norwid was weak and bed-ridden; he frequently wept and refused to speak with anyone. He died in the morning of May 23, 1883.
[edit] Legacy
Literary historians view Norwid's work as being too far ahead of its time to be appreciated, possessing elements of romanticism, classicism and parnasism. Following his death, many of Norwid's works were forgotten; it was not until the Young Poland period that his finesse and style was appreciated. At that time, his work was discovered and popularised by Zenon Przesmycki, a Polish poet and literary critic who was a member of the Polish Academy of Literature. Some eventually concluded that during his life, Norwid had been rejected by his contemporaries so that he could be understood by the next generation of "late grandsons".
Esoteric opinion is divided however, as to whether he was a true Romanticist artist - or if he was artistically ahead of his time. Norwid's "Collected Works" (Dzieła Zebrane) were published in 1968 by Juliusz Wiktor Gomulicki, a Norwid biographer and commentator. The full iconic collection of the artist's work was released during the period 1971-76 as Pism Wszystkich ("Writings of All"). Comprising 11 volumes, it includes all of Norwid's poetry as well as his letters and reproductions of his artwork.
On 24 September 2001, 118 years after his death in France, an urn containing soil from the collective grave where Norwid had been buried, from the Paris cemetery of Montmorency, was enshrined in the "Crypts of the Bards" at Wawel Cathedral. There, Norwid's remains were placed next to those of fellow Polish intellectuals Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Slowacki.
The cathedral's Zygmunt Bell, heard only when events of great national and religious significance occur, resounded loudly to mark the poet's return to his homeland. During a special Thanksgiving Mass held at the cathedral, Franciszek Macharski said that 74 years after the remains of Juliusz Slowacki were brought in, again the doors of the crypt of bards have opened "to receive the great poet, Cyprian Norwid, into Wawel's royal cathedral, for he was the equal of kings".[1]
[edit] Works
Norwid's most prodigious work, Vade-mecum, written between 1858 and 1865, was only published a century after his death. Although the artist generally wrote his works in Polish, some have been translated by American academic Walter Whipple. They include:
- (English) The Larva
- (English) Mother Tongue (Język ojczysty)
- (English) My Song
- (English) To Citizen John Brown (Do obywatela Johna Brown)
- (English) What Did You Do to Athens, Socrates? (Coś ty Atenom zrobił Sokratesie...)
- (Polish) Fortepian SzopenaEnglish Translation by Robert Cuckson
- (Polish) Assunta (1870)
- (Polish) Vade-Mecum
Those entries accompanied by the (English) icon have been translated to English by Whipple.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Cyprian Nowid's remains symbolically repatriated - 2001, available at: http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/literature/poetry/norwid/rest.shtml
[edit] References
