ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ

From Wikipedia

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ encompasses ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. Agri ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Latin ager ("ᏠᎨᏏ"), ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Latin cultura, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ activities ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ techniques ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ganahlai (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ) Ꮭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ specialization ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ specializations ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgiᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ chemical ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ".

42% (2002 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 4.4% (2005 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ (ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ).[1]

ᎦᎶᎨᏒᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

[edit] Overview

ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Java, Indonesia.

ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ/agriculturalist ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ (gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ.

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ—ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ agatohvsdi.

kanquotsegi, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ digakohidi, ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏯᏖᎾ, ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, gantlai ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎦᏃᏥ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ chemicals (ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ethanol, ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ), ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ(ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎤᏩᏅ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ), ᎪᏛᏙᏗ (methane ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ biomass, biodiesel) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏬᏗ (biopharmaceutical, ᏦᎳ, ᏧᎳᏍ, ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ). Genetically engineered digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏄᏬᏗ.

ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sweden.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ gene ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏄᎸ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ mechanization ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ labour ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ biological ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ agatohvsdi. ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ specialized ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ.

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, insecticides (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ fungicides, ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ nutritional ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ productivity. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ pesticides Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᎤᎦᎶᎬ digakohidi. Hydroponics, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ soilless ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ chemical nutrient ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏍᎬ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ activities ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ agatohvsdi. ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ dehydration ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ; ᎭᏫᏯ ᎦᏇᏅᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ).

Mechanization, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᎠᎴ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎭ eased ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ backbreaking ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, mechanization ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ productivity (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ). ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ, ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ, oxen, ᎨᎻᎵ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, alpacas, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, helicopters, ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ topdressing, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ. ᎡᎵᏍ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.

ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ diligwu ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Indonesia.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ mechanization ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 20 ᏭᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 2.5 ᏴᏫ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ agrichemical), ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 130 ᏴᏫ [2]. ᎪᎯ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ input, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎪᏛᏙᏗ, ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ.

gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ gantlai ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ, ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏅ) ᎾᎿ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ kanquotsegi ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ chemical ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ processors ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ gantlai Spongiform Encephalopathy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Mexico, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ Mississippi empties. Intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ depletes ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ utvhisdi farmland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᏋ tohi adedi ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎵᏍ software ᎨᏒᎢ tohi adedi ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ . ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏁᎸ biopiracy.

ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ nutrient ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, kanquotsegi ᎦᎳᏅᎯ waterways ᎠᎴ wetlands ᎾᎥᎢ nutrients ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ nitrogen ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.

kanquotsegi consumer awareness ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎳ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ fledgling industries.

[edit] ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ

ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mesopotamia.^[1] Pinpointing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ problematic ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ societies, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ. Nonetheless, Archaeobotanists/Paleoethnobotanists ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᎩ-ᎦᏁᏔᏯ rachis ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ Dryas (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 9,500 BC) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Holocene ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ utvhisdi ᎦᏁᎸ. ᏩᏎᎸᎯ anthropological ᎠᎴ tsuqagutanvsv ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ-ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 10th ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ BC ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ seasonal ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ: ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Epi-Palaeolithic (10,000+ BC) ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ Abu Hureyra ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Syria, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ localised ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ 8000 BC, ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Anatolia. ᎾᎥᎢ 7000 BC ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ Mesopotamia, ᎾᎥᎢ 6000 BC ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ 5000 BC, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ teosinte ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ yvwatuwidv 3000-2700 BC. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ: ᎢᎬᏱ emmer ᎠᎴ einkorn ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ hulled barley, ᏒᏙᏂ, lentil, ᎤᏴᏍᏗ vetch, ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏒᏙᏂᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ PPNB ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ sown ᎠᎴ harvested ᎾᎿ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ca. 8,500 BC ᎠᎴ 7,500 BC ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ' ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ utvhisdi ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ eastwards ᎠᏰᎵ Asia ᎠᎴ westwards ᎾᎾᎯ Cyprus, Anatolia ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎥᎢ 7,000 BC, Greece. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ emmer ᎠᎴ einkorn, ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Europe ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ southeastern ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ Europe ᎾᎥᎢ ca. 4,800 BC (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, D. [ed.] 2000. Europe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ. Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ; Harris, D. [ed.] 1996 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Eurasia. UCL ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ).

ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏠᎨᏏ

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ (e.g. ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ economies ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ localised ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ favoured ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 'ᎦᎾᎬᎢ' ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏦᎢ itsuwakodi, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

Sumerian Harvester ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, 3000 BCE. Baked ᎦᏓᏆᎵ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.

ᎧᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ lyudetiyvda, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ contributed nutritionally ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, mono-cropping, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ specialized labour ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ "ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ" ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Sumerians, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ca. 5,500 BC. Intensive ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ activities ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ armies. ᎯᎠ agriculturalism ᎯᎠ Sumerians ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ Egyptians, powered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, achieved ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ tripling ᎯᎠ Sumerian ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

[edit] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Muslims. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎵᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎤᏴᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ Spain, Artz ᏕᎪᏏᏏ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ Muslims ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏅᎩ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ:

• ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎹ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Norias, tsuqagutanvsv ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ exploitable ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

• ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ yli iyulistanv ᎠᏂ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ techniques ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ibn ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Baytar ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ digakohidi, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ganahlai ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.

• ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ labourers' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, combining ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.

• ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ global ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ exported ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Europe. Spain ᎤᎩᏒᎩ (ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ transmitted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Europe, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ processes, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ digakohidi, ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, diligwu, citrus ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, dalnige adadvsgi, ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎬᎨ, aubergines, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ... ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ. Muslims ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎴᎹᏂ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎤᏥᎸ, almonds, ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏆᏁᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Spanish colonies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ datsituga ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, ᏏᎵᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ flourished, ᎤᎦᏔ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ exported, ᎠᎴ esparto ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ.

ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏦᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ.

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1492 ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ shuffled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Columbian ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ transplanted ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ versa. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ tomato ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ.

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1800s ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ cultivars, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ Ꮎ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi Ꮎ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ mechanization ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ imaginable ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ efficiencies enabling ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Argentina, Israel, Germany ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ.

[edit] ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ

[edit] ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004

ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ FAO ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ.

[edit] ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ

Main article: Plant breeding

ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ

ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᏩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Centuries ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ digakohidi. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ techniques ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ digakohidi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ.

ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1920s ᎠᎴ '30s ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ (grasses ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand. ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ varieties ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ, ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ barley.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᏎᎷ (ᏎᎷ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv 2.5 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ hectare (40 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 9.4 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ (150 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.5 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1990. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv 2 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, African ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, Egypt ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 3.5 4 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ France ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 8 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ intensive ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, chemical ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ). [Conversion note: 1 bushel of wheat = 60 pounds (lb) ≈ 27.215 kg. 1 bushel of corn = 56 pounds ≈ 25.401 kg]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ industrialized ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ "ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ" ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ nutritional ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ digakohidi ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ tomato-harvesters ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1960s, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ tomatoes Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (Friedland ᎠᎴ Barton 1975). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ nutrient ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 50 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 38 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ vitamin B2 ᎠᎴ 15 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ vitamin C (Davis ᎠᎴ Riordan 2004).

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ herbicide ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ gene Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ digakohidi tohi adedi ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ glyphosate, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ toxin ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ (c.f. Starlink).

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ganahlai ᎠᎴ digakohidi.

Aquaculture, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᎴ algae, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

Apiculture, ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ—kanquotsegi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ pollination.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ : ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ digakohidi, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ

[edit] Environmental ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ

ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Washington ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ (c.2005)

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ environmental ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ:

• Nitrogen ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ.
• ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ herbicide, fungicide, insecticide, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ biocide.
• ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ecosystemᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
• ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ biomass ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
• ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ
• ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ
• Particulate ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ammonium ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ gantlai ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ contributing ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ
• ᎦᏄᎸ- feral digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
• ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ
• ᎦᏙᎯ salination .

ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ global ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ

[edit] ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ focuses ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

• ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ: Ensuring Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.
• ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ: Ensuring Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ.
• ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ: Ensuring Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.

• ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ
• Environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ
• ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ

[edit] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ

• ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ
• ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ
• Neolithic ᎠᏕᏲᎲ

[edit] ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ

ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ gvwatuwidv ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Haskell ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, Kansas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2001. nvwatohiyadv, ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᏎᎷ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ, ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ paler. ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ harvested ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ:

• aeroponics
• ᏂᎦᏛᎢ topdressing
• ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ
• gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ
• aquaculture
• beekeeping
• ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ
• Concentrated gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ (CAFO, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ)
• ᎦᎳᏅᎯ
• ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ
• detasseling
• ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ
• ᎠᎾᏐᏯᎲ
• ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ
• ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ
• ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ
• heliciculture
• ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ
• hydroponics
• Integrated ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ (IPM)
• ᎠᎹ
• ganahlai
• ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ
• monoculture
• Ꮭ-ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ
• ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ
• ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ
• Permaculture
• pollination ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ
• ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ
• ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ
• ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ
• ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏍᎬ
• ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ
• ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ
• ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ
• ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ
• sustainable ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ
• terracing
• ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ
• ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ
• ᎦᏄᎸ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ

[edit] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ separated ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ)ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ family’s ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ.

[edit] ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

[edit] ᎪᎯᏳᏙ

1. ↑ "A conversation with Christopher Ehret"

[edit] ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ

• ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, UK
• ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ
• ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ agatohvsdi
• ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ agatohvsdi ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ
• ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ-ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ
• Barnyard
• ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ
• ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ
• ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ
• ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏏᏆ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ
• ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ
• ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi
• ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
• ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ techniques
• ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ
• ᏙᎪᏩᎸ sustainable ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ
• Permaculture
• Pizza ᎦᎶᎨᏒ
• ᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ
• Timeline ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.
• USA ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ
• ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ

ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ Hereford ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ

[edit] ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

• www.fao.org — ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Centre
  • www.fao.org — ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ
  • www.fao.org/faostat — ᎯᎠ FAOSTAT ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ
  • www.fao.org/es/ess — ᎯᎠ FAO ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ
  • FAO Agriculture Department ᎠᎴ Ꮝ State of Food and Agriculture 2003-2004 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ biotechnology
  • GM Crops in Agriculture – ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ FAO ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ GreenFacts.
• Template:Dmoz
• Agriculture: Demon Engine of Civilization ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Zerzan
• Agriculture Network Information Center
• Food Security and Ag-Biotech News
• USDA, Economic Research Service