1868

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Centuries:	18th century - 19th century - 20th century
Decades:	1830s 1840s 1850s - 1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s
Years:	1865 1866 1867 - 1868 - 1869 1870 1871

1868 in topic:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
Art - Literature - Music - Science
Sports - Rail Transport
Countries: Australia - Canada -
Ireland - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. - UK
Leaders: State leaders - Colonial governors
Category: Establishments - Disestablishments
Births - Deaths - Works v • d • e

Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).

1 Events of 1868
2 Births
3 Deaths

[edit] Events of 1868

Jan. 3: Meiji Emperor.

[edit] January - March

January 3 - Meiji Emperor declares "Meiji Restoration", his own restoration to full power, against the supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
January 5 - War of the Triple Alliance: Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas fight in the countryside
January 6 - Asa Mercer and number of new "Mercer Girls" sail from Massachusetts for West Coast - they arrive in Seattle on May 23.
January 10 - Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares emperor's declaration "illegal" and attacks Kyoto. Pro-Emperor forces drive his troops away. Shogun surrenders in May.
January 25 - Ethiopian War. Colonel Robert Alexander Dunn, VC, accidentally shoots himself to death while marching from the coast to Magdala.
February 13 - The War Office sanctions the formation of what will become the Army Post Office Corps.
February 16 - In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).
February 24 - The first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana.
February 24 - After Andrew Johnson tried to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, he becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives. Johnson would later be acquitted by the United States Senate.
March 1 - The Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia.
March 5 - A court of impeachment is organized in the United States Senate to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson.
March 23 - The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into California law.
March 24 - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed.
March 27 - The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York.

[edit] April - June

April 1 - Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia
April 9 - Emperor Theodore of Abyssinia massacres at least 197, perhaps more, of his own people at Islamgee. These were prisoners who had been, for the most part, incarcerated for very trivial offenses, and were killed for asking for bread and water.
April 10 - A British-Indian task force inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the Abyssinian army of Emperor Theodore. The British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, 2 of whom die subsequently.
April 13 - The Abyssinian-British War ends with the suicide of Theodore and the taking of Magdala by the British-Indian task force.
May 16 - President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate.
May 26 - Last public hanging in Britain - Fenian bomber Michael Barrett
May 30 - Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan).
May 31 - Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitoba. He soon alienates the locals
June 2 - The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England.

[edit] July - September

July 25: Wyoming territory.

July 5 - Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of the Salvation Army, in the East End of London.
July 25 - Wyoming becomes a United States territory.
July 28 - The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
August 18 - Helium is discovered by French astronomer Pierre Janssen (and independently by Joseph Norman Lockyer on August 20).
August 20 - Abergele Train Disaster: Irish Mail passenger train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin: 33 dead; first major train disaster in Britain.
August 22 - Riot in Yangzhou, China targets station of the China Inland Mission and nearly leads to war between Britain and China.
September 18 - First convocation of the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee.
September 23 - Rebels in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent. Local militia defeats them a week later.
late September - Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she will formally abdicate June 25, 1870.

[edit] October - December

October 28 - Thomas Edison applied for his first patent, the electric vote recorder.

November - Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the U.S. presidential election.
November 2 - New Zealand officially adopts nationally observed standard time, and was perhaps the first country to do so.

November 27: Battle of Washita River.

Dec. 6: Battle of Itororó.

November 27 - Indian Wars: Battle of Washita River - In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of peaceful Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne (later regarded as the first substantial US victory in the war).

December 6 - Battle of Itororó or Ytororó. Field-Marshall Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis of Caxias, leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops. War of the Triple Alliance
December 11 - Battle of Avahy or Battle of Avaí: Field-Marshall Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis of Caxias, leads 17,000 troops (Brazilians at most) against 4,000 Paraguayans (during War of the Triple Alliance).

December 21 and December 27 - Battle of Lomas Valentinas: Two-days of battle between Triple Alliance forces under command of Field-Marshall Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis of Caxias, and Paraguayan forces under president Solano López (during War of the Triple Alliance).
December 25 - US President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.

Dec. 25: President Johnson pardons Civil War rebels.

[edit] Undated

Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is a primordial matter and names it bathybius haecklii (he admits his mistake in 1871)
German ophthalmologist August Rothmund defines Rothmund-Thompson's syndrome.
First edition of the World Almanac published.
Académie Julian - a major art school in Paris, France that admitted women.
The Dortmunder Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany.
Selected parts of the Finnish epic, Kalevala published for the first time in the English Language. By John Addison Porter.
Brisbane Grammar School was founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia.

[edit] Births

**1868 in other calendars**
Gregorian calendar	1868 MDCCCLXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2621
Armenian calendar	1317 ԹՎ ՌՅԺԷ
Bahá'í calendar	24 – 25
Buddhist calendar	2412
Chinese calendar	4504/4564-12-7 (丁卯年十二月初七日) — to — 4505/4565-11-18 (戊辰年十一月十八日)
Ethiopian calendar	1860 – 1861
Hebrew calendar	5628 – 5629
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1923 – 1924
- Shaka Samvat	1790 – 1791
- Kali Yuga	4969 – 4970
Holocene calendar	11868
Iranian calendar	1246 – 1247
Islamic calendar	1284 – 1285
Japanese calendar	Keiō 4 (慶応4年) — changed to — Meiji 1 (明治元年)
- Imperial Year	Kōki 2528 (皇紀2528年)
- Jōmon Era	11868
Julian calendar	1913
Korean calendar	4201
Thai solar calendar	2411
v • d • e