Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. The prize is awarded every year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
| Year | Name | Country | Topics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff |  Netherlands |
"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" |
| 1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer |  Germany |
"for his work on sugar and purine syntheses" |
| 1903 | Svante August Arrhenius |  Sweden |
"for his electrolytic theory of dissociation" |
| 1904 | Sir William Ramsay |  United Kingdom |
"for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" |
| 1905 | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | Germany |
"for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" |
| 1906 | Henri Moissan |  France |
"for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the electric furnace named after him" See:Moissan electric furnace |
| 1907 | Eduard Buchner | Germany |
"for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" |
| 1908 | Ernest Rutherford |  New Zealand and United Kingdom |
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" |
| 1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald | Germany |
"his work on catalysis and for his investigations into chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" |
| 1910 | Otto Wallach | Germany |
"for his work in the field of alicyclic compounds" |
| 1911 | Maria Sklodowska-Curie |  Poland |
"for her discovery of radium and polonium " |
| 1912 | Victor Grignard | France |
"for his the discovery of the Grignard reagent" |
| Paul Sabatier | France |
"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds" | |
| 1913 | Alfred Werner |  Switzerland |
"for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules" |
| 1914 | Theodore William Richards |  United States |
"for his determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of elements" |
| 1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter | Germany |
"for his research on plant pigments" |
| 1916–17 | No Awards due to World War I | ||
| 1918 | Fritz Haber | Germany |
"for his synthesis of ammonia" |
| 1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | Germany |
"for his work in thermochemistry" |
| 1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom |
"for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into isotopes" |
| 1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom |
"for his discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule" |
| 1923 | Fritz Pregl |  Slovenia |
"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" |
| 1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Germany |
"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and the methods used" |
| 1926 | Theodor Svedberg | Sweden |
"for his work on disperse systems" |
| 1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Germany |
"for his investigations of the bile acids and related substances" |
| 1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Germany |
"for his research into sterols and their connection with vitamins" |
| 1929 | Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | United Kingdom, Germany |
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" |
| 1930 | Hans Fischer | Germany |
"for his research into haemin and chlorophyll" |
| 1931 | Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius | Germany, Germany |
"for their contributions to chemical high pressure methods" |
| 1932 | Irving Langmuir | United States |
"for his work in surface chemistry" |
| 1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | United States |
"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" |
| 1935 | Frédéric Joliot, Irene Joliot-Curie | France, France |
"for their synthesis of new radioactive elements" |
| 1936 | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | Netherlands |
"for his work on molecular structure through investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" |
| 1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom |
"for his work on carbohydrates and vitamin C" |
| Paul Karrer | Switzerland |
"for his work on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | |
| 1938 | Richard Kuhn | Germany |
"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" |
| 1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | Germany |
"for his work on sex hormones" |
| Lavoslav Ružička | Switzerland |
"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | |
| 1940–42 | No awards due to World War II | ||
| 1943 | George de Hevesy |  Hungary |
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers to study chemical processes" |
| 1944 | Otto Hahn | Germany |
"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" |
| 1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen |  Finland |
"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" |
| 1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States |
"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" |
| John Howard Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States, United States |
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | |
| 1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom |
"for his investigations on plant products, especially the alkaloids" |
| 1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden |
"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis" |
| 1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States |
"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics" |
| 1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels, Kurt Alder | Germany |
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis. Diels-Alder reaction." |
| 1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan, Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States, United States |
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" |
| 1952 | Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom, United Kingdom |
"for their invention of partition chromatography" |
| 1953 | Hermann Staudinger | Germany |
"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" |
| 1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | United States |
"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond" |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States |
"for his work on sulphur compounds, especially the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов) | United Kingdom, United States |
"for their research into the mechanism of chemical reactions" |
| 1957 | Sir Alexander Todd | United Kingdom |
"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" |
| 1958 | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom |
"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially insulin" |
| 1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský |  Czechoslovakia |
"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" |
| 1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States |
"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination" |
| 1961 | Melvin Calvin | United States |
"for his research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" |
| 1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz, John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom |
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" |
| 1963 | Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta | Germany,  Italy |
"for their discoveries relating to high polymers" |
| 1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom |
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" |
| 1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States |
"for his achievements in organic synthesis" |
| 1966 | Robert Sanderson Mulliken | United States |
"for his work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules" |
| 1967 | Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter | Germany, United Kingdom, United Kingdom |
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions" |
| 1968 | Lars Onsager | United States and  Norway |
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name" |
| 1969 | Derek Harold Richard Barton, Odd Hassel | United Kingdom, Norway |
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation" |
| 1970 | Luis F. Leloir |  Argentina |
"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" |
| 1971 | Gerhard Herzberg |  Canada |
"for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" |
| 1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States |
"for his work on ribonuclease" |
| Stanford Moore, William H. Stein | United States, United States |
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the ribonuclease molecule" | |
| 1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson | Germany, United Kingdom |
"for their work on the chemistry of organometallic compounds" |
| 1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States |
"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" |
| 1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | United Kingdom and  Australia |
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" |
| Vladimir Prelog | Switzerland |
"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" | |
| 1976 | William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. | United States |
"for his studies on the structure of Boranes" |
| 1977 | Ilya Prigogine |  Belgium |
"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics" |
| 1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom |
"for his formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" |
| 1979 | Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig | United Kingdom, Germany |
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis" |
| 1980 | Paul Berg | United States |
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" |
| Walter Gilbert,Frederick Sanger | United States, United Kingdom |
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" | |
| 1981 | Kenichi Fukui (福井謙一), Roald Hoffmann |  Japan, United States |
"for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions" |
| 1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom,  South Africa |
"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" |
| 1983 | Henry Taube | United States |
"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions" |
| 1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States |
"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" |
| 1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle | United States, United States |
"for their achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" |
| 1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee (李遠哲), John C. Polanyi | United States, United States, Canada |
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" |
| 1987 | Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen | United States, France, United States |
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" |
| 1988 | Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel | Germany, Germany |
"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" |
| 1989 | Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech | Canada, United States, United States |
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" |
| 1990 | Elias James Corey | United States |
"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" |
| 1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland |
"for his contributions to the development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" |
| 1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States |
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" |
| 1993 | Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith | United States, Canada |
"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" |
| 1994 | George A. Olah | United States |
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" |
| 1995 | Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland | Netherlands,  Mexico, United States |
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, in particular ozone depletion" |
| 1996 | Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley | United States, United Kingdom, United States |
"for their discovery of fullerenes" |
| 1997 | Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker | United States, United Kingdom |
"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate" |
| Jens C. Skou |  Denmark |
"for his discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase" | |
| 1998 | Walter Kohn | United States |
"for his development of the density functional theory" |
| John A. Pople | United Kingdom |
"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | |
| 1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail (أحمد زويل) |  Egypt and United States |
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" |
| 2000 | Alan J. Heeger, Alan G MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa (白川英樹) | United States, United States, New Zealand, Japan |
"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" |
| 2001 | William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori (野依良治) | United States, Japan |
"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" |
| K. Barry Sharpless | United States |
"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" see Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation | |
| 2002 | Kurt Wüthrich, John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka (田中耕一) | Switzerland, United States, Japan |
"for their development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules" |
| 2003 | Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon | United States, United States |
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes" |
| 2004 | Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose |  Israel, Israel, United States |
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" |
| 2005 | Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock and Yves Chauvin | United States, United States, France |
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" |
| 2006 | Roger D. Kornberg | United States |
"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" |
[edit] References
- The Nobel Foundation (2005). The Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Retrieved December 14, 2005.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
- Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners
- Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry
- Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize Official Site
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Laureates
