Advanced Micro Devices

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Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Type	Public (NYSE: AMD)
Founded	1969
Headquarters	Sunnyvale, California, USA
Key people	Héctor Ruiz, CEO
Industry	Semiconductors
Products	Microprocessors
Revenue	$7.471 billion USD (2006)
Net income	$574 million USD (2006)
Employees	16,000 (December 2006)
Subsidiaries	ATI Technologies
Slogan	Smarter Choice
Website	www.amd.com

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (abbreviated AMD; NYSE: AMD) is an American manufacturer of integrated circuits based in Sunnyvale, California. The company was founded in 1969 by a group of former executives from Fairchild Semiconductor, including Jerry Sanders, III, Ed Turney, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford and three members from Gifford's team, Frank Botte, Jim Giles and Larry Stenger.

It is the world's second-largest supplier of x86 based processors, the largest supplier of discrete graphics products as a result of the merger with ATI Technologies in 2006, and owns a 37% share of Spansion, a supplier of non-volatile flash memory.

Contents 1 Financial information 2 General history 2.1 Litigation with Intel 2.2 Merger with ATI 3 AMD x86 processors 3.1 Discontinued 3.1.1 8086, 80286, 80386, Am486 3.1.2 K5 3.1.3 NexGen / K6 3.1.4 Athlon / K7 3.2 Current and future 3.2.1 AMD64 / K8 3.2.1.1 Dual-core 3.2.1.2 Socket AM2 3.2.2 Ext. AMD64 3.2.3 AMD Fusion 4 Other platforms and technologies 4.1 Alchemy Processors 4.2 AMD Live! 4.3 AMD Quad FX platform 4.4 Geode processors 4.5 Pacifica/AMD-V 5 Production and fabrication 5.1 Current production facilities 6 Partnerships 7 Flash technology 8 See also 8.1 Companies 8.2 People 8.3 Products 8.4 Related technologies 9 External links 9.1 Official websites 9.2 Key information about AMD 9.3 Production history 9.3.1 Future productions 9.4 Other productions 9.4.1 Pacifica and virtualization 9.5 U.S. antitrust case against Intel 9.6 Merger with ATi 10 References

[edit] Financial information

As of February 2007, its market capitalization stands around US$8.50 billion. AMD is seventh among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders with revenues in 2006 of $7.471 billion.

The current chairman and CEO is Dr. Héctor Ruiz and the current president and chief operating officer is Dirk Meyer.

[edit] General history

AMD started as a producer of logic chips in 1969, then entered the RAM chip business in 1975. That same year, it introduced a reverse-engineered clone of the Intel 8080 microprocessor. During this period, AMD also designed and produced a series of bit-slice processor elements (Am2900, Am29116, Am293xx) which were used in various minicomputer designs.

During this time, AMD attempted to embrace the perceived shift towards RISC with their own AMD 29K processor, and they attempted to diversify into graphics and audio devices as well as flash memory. It had some success in the mid-80s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" FSK modem, one of the first multistandard devices that covered both Bell and CCITT tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex. While the AMD 29K survived as an embedded processor and AMD spinoff Spansion continues to make industry leading flash memory, AMD was not as successful with its other endeavors. AMD decided to switch gears and concentrate solely on Intel-compatible microprocessors and flash memory. This put them in direct competition with Intel for x86 compatible processors and their flash memory secondary markets.

[edit] Litigation with Intel

AMD has a long history of litigation with former partner and x86 creator Intel.^[1]

• In 1986 Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel's micro-chips for IBM; AMD filed for arbitration in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD's favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in the Supreme Court of California. In 1994, that court upheld the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages for breach of contract.

• In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to use Intel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.

• In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp. for misuse of the term MMX. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.

• In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty on a number of violations. On June 27, 2005, AMD won an antitrust suit against Intel in Japan, and on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U.S. Federal District Court in Delaware. The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates, special discounts, threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market. Since the start of this action, AMD has issued subpoenas to major computer manufacturers including Dell, Microsoft, IBM, HP, Sony, Toshiba.

[edit] Merger with ATI

AMD announced a merger with ATI Technologies on July 24, 2006. AMD had paid $4.2 billion in cash along with 57 million shares of its stock, for a total of a US$5.4 billion merger. The merger had completed on October 25, 2006^[2] and ATI is now part of AMD.

It has been reported that in December 2006 AMD received a subpoena from the Justice Department regarding possible antitrust violations relating to the merger.^[3]

[edit] AMD x86 processors

[edit] Discontinued

[edit] 8086, 80286, 80386, Am486

In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but IBM's policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the 80286, or 286, under the same arrangement, but Intel canceled the agreement in 1986, and refused to convey technical details of the i386 part. The growing popularity of the PC clone market meant Intel could produce CPUs on its own terms, rather than IBM's.

AMD challenged Intel's decision to cancel the agreement and won in arbitration, but Intel disputed this decision. A long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with AMD and forced Intel to pay over $1 billion in compensation for violation of contract. Subsequent legal disputes centered on whether AMD had legal rights to use derivatives of Intel's microcode. Rulings were made in both directions. In the face of uncertainty, AMD was forced to develop "clean room" versions of Intel code. In this fashion, one engineering team described the function of the code, and a second team without access to the source code itself had to develop microcode that performed the same functionality.

In 1991 AMD released the Am386, its clone of the Intel 80386 processor. It took less than a year for AMD to sell a million units. AMD's 386DX-40 was very popular with smaller, independent PC manufacturers. AMD followed in 1993 with the Am486. Both sold at a significantly lower price than the Intel versions. The Am486 was used by a number of large OEMs, including Compaq, and proved popular. But as product cycles shortened in the PC industry, reverse engineering of Intel's products became an ever less viable strategy for AMD, as it meant their technology would always be behind Intel. Therefore, they started to develop a microprocessor of their own.

[edit] K5

Main article: AMD K5

AMD's first completely in-house x86 processor was the K5 which was launched in 1995. The "K" was a reference to "Kryptonite" which from comic book lore was the only substance that could harm Superman (a clear reference to Intel which was dominant in the market).

It was intended to compete directly with the Intel Pentium CPU, which had been released in 1993. However, it had more in common with the Pentium Pro and Cyrix's 6x86, all of which decoded x86 instructions into micro-ops and executed them on a RISC core. Some of the chips were marketed under a PR rating, which had upset some customers and led to some criticism.

Being AMD's first in-house processor, K5 did have some issues. One of these was its poor FPU performance. Despite this, the K5 was commended for not suffering from the compatibility problems of the 6x86 nor did it run as hot. While the K5 was a strong offering when compared to the Pentium classic, with modern features such as out of order execution and micro-ops RISC core, AMD's processor technology was trailing Intel's. This was due to the fact that AMD as a company was in its infancy of microprocessor design, thus a lot of deadlines were missed and there was a lack of manufacturing expertise in scaling designs.

[edit] NexGen / K6

Main article: AMD K6

In 1996, AMD purchased NexGen specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86-compatible processors. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone, and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the K6 processor, introduced in 1997.

The redesign included a feedback dynamic instruction reordering mechanism, MMX instructions, and a floating-point unit (FPU). It was also made pin-compatible with Intel's Pentium, enabling it to be used in the widely available "Socket 7"-based motherboards. Like the Nx686 and Nx586 before it, the K6 translated the Pentium compatible x86 instruction set to RISC-like micro-instructions. In the following year, AMD released the K6-2 which added a set of floating point multimedia instructions called 3DNow!, preceding Intel's SSE instructions, as well as a new socket standard called "Super Socket 7", that extended the front side bus frequency from 66 to 100 MHz.

In January 1999, the final iteration of the K6-x series, the 450-MHz K6-III, was extremely competitive with Intel's top-of-the-line chips. This chip was essentially a K6-2 with 256 kibibytes of full-speed level-2 cache integrated into the core and a better branch prediction unit. While it matched (generally beating) the Pentium II/III in integer operations, the FPU was a non-pipelined serial design and therefore lagged behind Intel's FPU architecture. Although 3DNow! could theoretically compensate for this weakness, few game developers made use of it, the most notable exception being id Software's Quake II. The AMD K6-III was unique in that it was one of the first CPUs with 3 levels of cache. The previous K6-2 utilized an off-die (motherboard) cache. With the introduction of the on-die L2 cache, AMD designed the K6-III to also incorporate the motherboard's pipeline cache to boast an L1, L2 and L3 cache.

Overall, the K6 was a strong architecture; however there were some issues. AMD was still relatively new at manufacturing their own processors. Thus there were some availability issues due to manufacturing problems and yields. Furthermore, having deviated from the official Intel motherboard specifications with the Super Socket 7 format, the motherboards that worked with the K6 were of varying quality, especially in regards to their implementation of the graphical AGP specification.

Overall the K6 proved popular with consumers, especially in markets outside North America, offering good performance at comparatively low price. Due to the nature of corporate buyers, the problems surrounding the platform had failed to establish AMD as a major player in the corporate market. Also, Intel responded to AMD's lower prices with the Celeron version of the Pentium. While the Celerons were not as popular as Intel had hoped, the availability of the product made it difficult for AMD to maintain decent profit margins on their processors.

[edit] Athlon / K7

Main article: AMD K7

CEO and founder Jerry Sanders developed strategic partnerships to improve AMD's presence in the PC market based on the success of the K6 architecture. One major partnership announced in 1998 paired AMD with semiconductor giant Motorola.^[4] In the announcement, Sanders referred to the partnership as creating a "virtual gorilla" that would enable AMD to compete with Intel on fabrication capacity while limiting AMD's financial outlay for new facilities.

This partnership also helped to co-develop copper-based semiconductor technology, which would become a cornerstone of the K7 production process.

In August 1999, AMD released the Athlon (K7) processor. Notably, the design team was led by Dirk Meyer, one of the lead engineers on the DEC Alpha project. Jerry Sanders had approached many of the engineering staff to work for AMD as DEC wound the project down, and brought in a near-complete team of engineering experts. The balance of the Athlon design team was comprised of AMD K5 and K6 veterans.

The Athlon had a novel performance oriented micro-architecture, backed by a powerful FPU. The Athlon attempted to reduce bottlenecks that AMD viewed as inherent in the Intel P6 design. The Athlon had a higher average execution-per-clock throughput. The increased throughput versus the P6 was possible because of fabrication processes permitting increases in transistor density for the Athlon processor. Early samples of the Athlon had branch prediction problems and lower clock rates than the P6. The final production chips fixed these early problems, and offered performance increases over Intel's architecture.

Intel immediately engaged in a near complete re-design of the P6 core, to eliminate the pipeline stalls that had reduced its performance. The result was the "Coppermine" series. However, the sudden revision and necessary line re-tooling put pressure on Intel's manufacturing facilities. Early availability of Coppermine chips was limited.

By working with Motorola, AMD was able to refine copper interconnect manufacturing to the production stage about one year before Intel. The revised process permitted 180-nanometer processor production. The accompanying die-shrink resulted in lower power consumption, permitting AMD to increase Athlon clock-speeds to the 1 gigahertz range [3]. AMD found processor yields on the new process exceeded expectations, and delivered high speed chips in volume in March 2000. Intel announced a 1-GHz Pentium a few days after AMD did, but was unable to ship the part in volume for several months. Intel's attempt to leapfrog AMD with a 1.13-GHz Pentium III resulted in a product that worked reliably only on certain motherboards and was panned by prominent industry critics.^[5] The chip was withdrawn from the market, having been installed in only a handful of OEM systems.^[6] A revised stepping of the Intel chip wasn't released until 2001.

AMD continued to undercut Intel on price at the low end with the K6. Also AMD released the Duron processor which gave recognition to AMD's price/performance strength by the mainstream and enthusiast media. These factors helped push AMD's market share as high as 23%.^{[citation needed]}

The continued success of the Athlon processor was hindered when Intel introduced the Pentium 4 processor. Though the Athlon was capable of much greater clock speeds than the Pentium 3 line, the new Netburst architecture of the Pentium 4 was designed to deliver high-clock speeds which were able to match and exceed those of the Athlon line. Unable to compete with the raw clock speeds offered by the Pentium 4, AMD returned to a nomenclature (PR rating) believed to show the clock speed (in megahertz) of an equivalent Pentium 4 processor, but this was never confirmed by AMD.

See also: Athlon, Duron, PR rating, Sempron

[edit] Current and future

[edit] AMD64 / K8

Main article: AMD K8

The K8 is a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the addition of a 64-bit extension to the x86 instruction set (called AMD64), the incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely high performance point to point interconnect called HyperTransport, as part of a Direct Connect Architecture. The Opteron, released on April 22, 2003, was the first product to come out of this architecture. It was followed by the Athlon 64 on September 23, 2003.^[7]

It is arguable that at the time of its release 64-bit was not yet needed by mainstream users. However the fact that the architecture offered high performance 32-bit application compatibility made it feasible for home users. It was so popular in fact, that the AMD64 standard was adopted by Microsoft and Sun Microsystems and quickly supported by the GNU/Linux and BSD communities. This left Intel in a position where they were forced to license the AMD64 extensions for their own 64-bit (EM64T) processors and possibly signalling the end for Intel's IA-64 platform.

The K8 is marketed under many names, depending on the targeted end-user: Athlon 64 (and FX), Opteron, Turion 64 and some Semprons are based on the K8. The Opteron is the server version of the K8. AMD designed the Opteron to compete against Intel's IA-64 Itanium architecture, but the failure of the IA-64 project to leverage volume sales means that the Opteron now competes with Intel's AMD64-compatible Xeon processor series.

See also: Athlon 64, Opteron, Sempron, Turion 64

[edit] Dual-core

AMD released the first dual core x86 server chip on April 21, 2005. The initial release was accompanied by the availability of the Opteron 865, 870, 875, 880 and 885 processors, and the 2xx version soon followed. The first desktop-based dual core processor family — the Athlon 64 X2 came a month later. Almost a year later, in May 2006, AMD launched its "Energy Efficient" X2 processors, offering less power consumption, with the least being 35W for the X2 3800+ and the maximum being 65W for the X2 4800+ and the X2 4400+. The X2 can be distinguished from Intel's early (Pentium D) dual-core design, as the X2 mated two cores into a single chip, rather than two chips on a single package. Intel's method with the Pentium D may have had theoretical yield advantages, but it gave up some performance advantage since interprocessor communication still happened over external pins, rather than internally.

The X2 improved upon the performance of the original Athlon 64, especially for multi-threaded software applications. The overall increase in performance of the entry level Athlon 64 X2 chip (the Athlon 64 X2 3800+) over the fastest single-core Athlon 64 chip (the Athlon 64 3800+) was approximately 10%. The spread between the latter and the Athlon 64 X2 5000+ was near 40%.^[8] Intel released its Core 2 Duo processor a year later, which, like the Athlon 64 X2, incorporated two processing cores on a single chip.

See also: Athlon 64 X2, Turion 64 X2

[edit] Socket AM2

To compete with Intel's advantage in memory bandwidth, AMD released a new socket dubbed "Socket AM2". Socket AM2 CPUs use DDR2 memory instead of the older DDR memory used in earlier Socket 754 and Socket 939 compatible processors. Though both AM2 and the original 940-pin Athlon 64/Opteron sockets have the same number of pins, the arrangement is different; thus, the two are not pin compatible, nor will chips from one configuration physically fit in sockets from the other.^[9] Comparison testing indicated a negligible increase in performance from Socket 939 to AM2.^[10]

[edit] Ext. AMD64

Main article: AMD K8L

A new microarchitecture, commonly dubbed as "K8L" is a major revision of the AMD64 microarchitecture and hardware platform, and is due mid-2007.

[edit] AMD Fusion

Main article: AMD Fusion

After the merger between AMD and ATI, the AMD Fusion was announced that merges a CPU and GPU on one chip. It is expected to be released late-2008 or early-2009.

[edit] Other platforms and technologies

[edit] Alchemy Processors

Main article: Alchemy (processor)

In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor and continued its line of processor in MIPS architecture processors, targets the handheld and Portable media player markets. On 13 June 2006, AMD officially announced that the Alchemy processor line was transferred to Raza Microelectronics Inc.

[edit] AMD Live!

Main article: AMD Live!

AMD LIVE! was originally the name of Advanced Micro Devices' initiative to gather the support of professional musicians and other media producers behind its hardware products. The primary focus of this initiative was the Opteron server- and workstation-class central processing unit.

AMD subsequently extended AMD LIVE! into a platform marketing initiative focusing the consumer electronics segment.

AMD LIVE! was first announced on January 4, 2006 officially through press release.

[edit] AMD Quad FX platform

Main article: AMD Quad FX platform

[edit] Geode processors

Main article: AMD Geode

In August 2003, AMD also purchased the Geode business (originally the Cyrix MediaGX) from National Semiconductor to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor products. During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of 667 MHz and 1 GHz (fanless), and 1.4 GHz (TDP 25W).

[edit] Pacifica/AMD-V

AMD's virtualization extension to the 64-bit x86 architecture is named AMD Virtualization (also known by the abbreviation AMD-V), and is sometimes referred to by the code name "Pacifica".

AMD processors using Socket AM2, Socket S1, and Socket F include AMD Virtualization support. AMD Virtualization is also supported by release two (x2xx series) of the Opteron processors.

[edit] Production and fabrication

“	Only real men have fabs.	”
—Former AMD CEO Jerry Sanders, III, [4]

AMD produces their own processors in wholly owned semiconductor Fabrication Plants, called "FABs."

AMD uses a "FAB x" naming convention for their production facilities, where "x" is the number of years that have passed between the founding of AMD and the date the FAB opened.

At their Fabrication facilities, AMD utilizes a system called Automated Precision Manufacturing (APM). APM is a collection of manufacturing technologies AMD has developed over their history (many of which AMD holds patents for), which are designed to enhance the microprocessor production process, primarily in terms of yield. Much of APM is related to removing the "human equation" from the manufacturing process by isolating in-process wafers in containers that are only exposed to clean room facilities. AMD claims that the technologies that combine to make APM are unique to the industry and make it the foremost semiconductor manufacturer in the world - a fact which is lent some credence by their current agreement with Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing based in Singapore. India's first Fab City, a silicon chip manufacturing facility, being setup with an investment of $3 billion by the AMD-SemIndia consortium

AMD currently has a production agreement with foundry Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing which allows Chartered access to AMD Automated Precision Manufacturing (APM) process technology, in exchange for which Chartered will act as extra production capacity for AMD.

AMD has planned expansions in their production capacity. In addition to the completion of Fab 36 in Dresden (300 mm 90 nm process SOI), AMD is planning to upgrade Fab 30 (adjacent to Fab 36) in Dresden from 200 mm 90nm process SOI to a 300 mm 65 nm process silicon on insulator|SOI facility and rename it Fab 38, and open a new facility at the Luther Park Technology Campus in Stillwater, New York (likely 300 mm 32 nm process SOI production) between years 2009 to 2010.

[edit] Current production facilities

AMD's main microprocessor manufacturing and design facilities are located in Dresden, Germany. Highly integrated microprocessors are manufactured in Taiwan made by third-party manufacturers under strict license from AMD. Between 2003 and 2005, they constructed a second manufacturing (300mm) plant nearby in order to increase the number of chips they can produce, thus becoming more competitive with Intel. The new plant has been named "Fab 36", in recognition of AMD's 36 years of operation, and is expected to reach full production in mid-2007.

In June 2006, Chartered Semiconductor began shipments of manufactured AMD microprocessors, many of which are shipped from Singapore to Taiwanese and Chinese OEM/ODM manufacturing companies that build computers for companies like Lenovo and Dell.[5]

As part of its expanding microprocessor design program, AMD started an engineering design center in Bangalore. The AMD India Engineering Center Private Limited will contribute to the design of future generations of AMD microprocessors. The standalone facility will occupy approximately 38,000 square feet (3,500 m²) and is located in Richmond Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. AMD also maintains design facilities in Fort Collins (CO), Sunnyvale (CA), Austin (TX), and Boxborough (MA). [6]

[edit] Partnerships

AMD utilizes strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to tackle Intel's dominance and resources. Notably NVIDIA's nForce2 chipset generated substantial revenues for NVIDIA as a popular enthusiast part.

A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed HyperTransport, a point-to-point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization. It is now used in modern AMD processor compatible motherboards.

AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained silicon on insulator (SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on 90-nm implementation. Further, AMD is loosely partnered with end-user companies such as HP, Compaq, ASUS, Alienware, Acer, Evesham Technology, Dell and several others to facilitate processor distribution and sales.

On May 18, 2006, Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteron chips by years end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel. Dell also began offering AMD X2 chips in their desktop line-up in September 2006.

[edit] Flash technology

While less visible to the general public than its CPU business, AMD is also a global leader in flash memory. In 1993, AMD established a 50-50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL, with manufacturing facilities in Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan. In 2003, the long-term partnership merged into a new company called FASL LLC, globally branded as Spansion[7] and headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, United States. AMD's Spansion stake increased to 60%, and Fujitsu held the remaining 40%. In December 2005, the joint venture went public, and Spansion now trades on NASDAQ under symbol SPSN. As part of the carveout, AMD's Spansion stake was reduced to 37%.

The new company sells flash memory products through AMD and Fujitsu and their respective sales forces. Notable product families include Mirrorbit flash. In periods the flash business has been extremely profitable, exceeding the financial performance of the CPU division, although the industry is somewhat prone to boom-bust cycles. AMD / Spansion claim a number of important milestones in Flash development [8]:

• 1992: "Negative Gate Erase" technology introduced
• 1996: Industry's first 2.7-volt flash device
• 1997: Industry's first 1.8-volt flash device
• 1998: AMD and Fujitsu's first page-mode flash device
• 1999: AMD and Fujitsu's first burst-mode flash device
• 2001: MirrorBit™ technology introduced
• 2002: Advanced Sector Protection introduced
• 2003: Industry's first 512-megabit NOR flash memory unveiled

AMD no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market. AMD entered into a non-competition agreement, as of December 21, 2005, with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalone semiconductor devices (including single chip, multiple chip or system devices) containing only Flash memory. [9]

[edit] See also

[edit] Companies

• ATI Technologies
• Intel Corporation
• NexGen
• NVIDIA

[edit] People

• Jerry Sanders, III
• Ed Turney
• Dirk Meyer
• Héctor Ruiz

[edit] Products

List of AMD microprocessors List of AMD CPU slots and sockets List of AMD Athlon microprocessors List of AMD Athlon XP microprocessors List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors List of AMD Duron microprocessors List of AMD Opteron microprocessors List of AMD Sempron microprocessors List of AMD Turion microprocessors

Comparison of ATI Graphics Processing Units Comparison of NVIDIA Graphics Processing Units Comparison of AMD Processors Comparison of Intel processors

[edit] Related technologies

• 3DNow!
• Cool'n'Quiet
• PowerNow!
• Torrenza
• HyperTransport

[edit] External links

[edit] Official websites

• AMD Corporate Website
• 50x15 initiative
• AMD Live!
• AMD ATi Division

[edit] Key information about AMD

• Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Company Profile - Yahoo! Finance
• AMD Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. - Google Finance
• People at AMD (LinkedIn)
• Industry Competitors and Institutional Investment Activity

[edit] Production history

• AMD: 30 Years of Pursuing the Leader
• [10] - AMD CPU Chart
• Cpu-collection.de - AMD processor images and descriptions
• CPU-INFO: AMD K5, indepth processor history
• AMD goes dual-core
• Why AMD-MHz don't equal Intel-MHz
• AMD's most recent conference call transcripts
• A look at AMD's manufacturing process technologies

[edit] Future productions

• Near term AMD interactive product outlook

[edit] Other productions

[edit] Pacifica and virtualization

• AMD Powerpoint documents on the specification
• AMD Previews 'Pacifica' Virtualization Technology
• AMD Preps 'Pacifica' Virtualization Technology

[edit] U.S. antitrust case against Intel

• Summary U.S. antitrust complaint against Intel
• Full text of U.S. antitrust complaint against Intel

[edit] Merger with ATi

• Official AMD ATi Merger Site on AMD website

[edit] References

1. ^ AMD-INTEL LITIGATION HISTORY. AMD. Retrieved on 12 January 2007.
2. ^ AMD Completes ATI Acquisition and Creates Processing Powerhouse. NewsWire (25 October 2006).
3. ^ AMD Receives Federal Subpoena. New York Times (30 November 2006).
4. ^ MOTOROLA PREPARES TO MANUFACTURE AMD'S UPCOMING K7 CHIP. HP (1998-08-07).
5. ^ Pabst, Thomas (31 July 2000). Intel's Next Paper Release: The Pentium III at 1133 MHz. Tom's Hardware Guide.
6. ^ Pabst, Thomas (28 August 2000). Intel Admits Problems With Pentium III 1.13 GHz: Production and Shipments Halted. Tom's Hardware Guide.
7. ^ AMD Ushers in Era of Cinematic Computing with the AMD Athlon™ 64 FX Processor (2003-09-23). Retrieved on July 4, 2006.
8. ^ AMD v Intel Performance Comparison, Q2 2006. AMD (June 2006).
9. ^ [1]
10. ^ [2]

v • d • e List of AMD microprocessors • AMD • List of AMD CPU slots, sockets
Discontinued: Am2900 • Am29000 • Am9080 • Am286 • Am386 • Am486 • Am5x86 • K5 • K6 • K6-2 • K6-III • Duron • Athlon • Mobile Athlon 64 Current Production: Sempron • Mobile Sempron • Athlon 64 • Athlon 64 X2 • Turion 64 • Turion 64 X2 • Opteron Upcoming: K8L/K10 • Fusion