Airline hub
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An airline hub is an airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination. It is part of a hub and spoke model, where travelers moving between airports not served by direct flights change planes en route to their destination.
Some airlines may use only a single hub, while other airlines use multiple hubs. Hubs are used for both passenger flights as well as cargo flights.
Many airlines also utilize focus cities, which function much the same as hubs, but with fewer flights. Airlines may also use secondary hubs, a non-technical term for large focus cities. Examples include British Airways at Manchester Airport and US Airways at Pittsburgh International Airport.
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[edit] Fortress hub
A fortress hub is a hub dominated by a single airline that controls a share of flights at or above the monopoly standard of 70 percent of flights in and out of the hub.[1] A fortress hub is difficult for new entrant carriers to penetrate.[2] New entrants, such as Spirit Airlines at (DTW), AirTran at (ATL), and Vanguard at (DFW), allege to have been the target of exclusionary practices by the dominant carrier. Some observers argue that the existence of such hubs can stifle competition; ProAir's battle with Northwest when it briefly flew out of Detroit City Airport is often cited as an example. Northwest was able to out compete the short-lived discount carrier by matching its fares and offering more frequent flights.
Examples of fortress hubs include:
- Charlotte/Douglas International Airport - US Airways
- Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport - Delta Air Lines
- Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport - American Airlines
- Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport - Northwest Airlines
- Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport - Delta Air Lines
- Memphis International Airport - Northwest Airlines
- Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport - Northwest Airlines
- Salt Lake City International Airport - Delta Air Lines
[edit] Major passenger airlines and their hubs
[edit] North America
- Aeroméxico (AM) uses Benito Juárez International Airport (MEX), General Mariano Escobedo International Airport (MTY), and Hermosillo International Airport (HMO).
- Air Canada (AC) uses Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), Vancouver International Airport (YVR), and Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL) as major hubs, and Calgary International Airport (YYC)) as a minor hub.
- AirTran Airways (FL), a low-fare airline, uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL)and Orlando International Airport (MCO).
- Atlantic Southeast Airlines (A.S.A.; EV), uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) and Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC).
- Alaska Airlines (AS) uses Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Portland International Airport (PDXX).
- American Airlines (AA) uses Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), O'Hare International Airport (ORD), Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport (STL), Miami International Airport (MIA) and Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU) (and to a lesser extent John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Logan International Airport (BOS), and La Guardia Airport (LGA)).
- ATA Airlines (TZ), a low-fare airline, uses Chicago Midway Airport (MDW), Honolulu International Airport (HNL), and Oakland International Airport (OAK) as an "unofficial" focus city.
- Continental Airlines (CO) uses Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE). Continental Micronesia, a subsidiary, uses Guam's Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport (GUM).
- Delta Air Lines (DL) uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) (the world's largest hub), Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC), John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), and to a lesser extent Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Delta shut down previous hubs at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), Frankfurt International Airport (FRA), and Portland International Airport (PDX), and has reduced Orlando to a major focus city and mini-hub for Delta Connection carriers. Delta operates major focus city operations at Logan International Airport (BOS), La Guardia Airport (LGA)), and Washington, D.C.'s Reagan National Airport (DCA).
- Frontier Airlines (F9), a low-fare airline, uses Denver International Airport (DEN).
- Icelandair (FI), a low-fare airline, uses Keflavík International Airport (KEF).
- JetBlue Airways (B6), a low-fare airline, mostly runs point-to-point service, but has hub-like operations in John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) and Logan International Airport (BOS).
- Mexicana (MX) uses Benito Juárez International Airport (MEX), Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport (GDL) and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).
- Midwest Airlines (YX) uses General Mitchell International Airport (MKE) and Kansas City International Airport (MCI).
- Northwest Airlines (NW) uses Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), Memphis International Airport (MEM), Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS), and Tokyo's Narita International Airport (NRT).
- Spirit Airlines (NK), a low-fare airline, uses Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (FLL).
- Southwest Airlines (WN), a low-cost airline, uses Chicago Midway Airport (MDW), Phoenix Sky Harbor (PHX), Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), Las Vegas McCarran International Airport (LAS), Houston Hobby International Airport (HOU), Dallas Love Field (DAL), Nashville International Airport (BNA), and the following focus cities: Oakland International Airport (OAK), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Orlando International Airport (MCO), and San Diego International Airport (SAN)
- Sun Country Airlines (SY), a low-cost airline uses Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport
- United Airlines (UA) uses O'Hare International Airport (ORD), San Francisco International Airport (SFO), Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD), Denver International Airport (DEN), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Narita International Airport (NRT) is a focus city for United's operations in Asia.
- US Airways (US) uses Charlotte/Douglas International Airport (CLT), Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), and Las Vegas's McCarran International Airport (LAS). Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT) also used to serve as a hub, but have since been downgraded to a secondary hub. US Airways Shuttle runs between Boston's Logan International Airport (BOS), New York City's La Guardia Airport (LGA), and Washington, D.C.'s Reagan National Airport (DCA), all of which are considered by the airline to be focus cities. PHX and LAS were inherited from the airline's merger with America West Airlines.
[edit] Caribbean
- Air ALM (LM) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Air Aruba (FQ) used Queen Beatrix International Airport (AUA) as a hub
- Air Jamaica (JM) uses Montego Bay (MBJ) & Kingston (KIN) as it's hubs
- Dutch Antilles Express (9H) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Dutch Caribbean Airlines (K8) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Insel Air (7I) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
[edit] Central America
- Copa Airlines (CM) uses Tocumen International Airport (PTY).
- Grupo Taca uses Comalapa International Airport (SAL), and Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO)
[edit] South America
- Aero Continente used Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) as a hub.
- Aerolíneas Argentinas (AR) uses Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE) and Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) as a hub.
- Austral Líneas Aéreas (AU) uses Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) as a hub.
- Avianca (AV) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
- Grupo Taca (TA) uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) as a hub.
- LAN (LA) uses Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport (SCL). LAN Peru, a subsidiary, uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM).
- TAM Brazilian Airlines (JJ) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) and Congonhas Domestic Airport (CGH).
- Varig (RG) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) and Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (GIG).
- Gol (G3) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) and Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (GIG), and to a lesser extent, Manaus International Airport (MAO).
[edit] Europe
- Adria Airways (SI) uses Ljubljana International Airport (LJU).
- Aer Lingus (EI) uses Dublin International Airport (DUB) and Cork International Airport (ORK).
- Aeroflot (SU) uses Moscow-Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO).
- Aerosvit (UA) uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP).
- Air Asturias (OVD) uses Asturias Airport (OVD).
- Air Berlin (AB) uses Berlin Tegel Airport (TXL), Nuremberg Airport (NUE), Palma de Mallorca Airport (PMI) and London Stansted Airport (STN).
- Air France-KLM (AF, KL) uses Paris Charles De Gaulle International Airport (CDG) and Amsterdam-Schiphol International Airport (AMS).
- Alitalia (AZ) uses Milan-Malpensa International Airport (MXP) and Rome Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport (FCO).
- Austrian Airlines (OS) uses Vienna International Airport (VIE).
- British Airways (BA) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR), London Gatwick Airport (LGW), and Manchester Airport (MAN).
- bmi (BD) uses Manchester Airport (MAN) and London Heathrow Airport (LHR).
- Croatia Airlines (OU) uses Zagreb Airport (ZAG).
- Czech Airlines (OK) uses Prague Ruzyne International Airport (PRG).
- dba (DI) uses Munich International Airport (MUC).
- Finnair (AY) uses Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (HEL).
- Iberia Airlines (IB) uses Madrid Barajas International Airport (MAD).
- Jat Airways (JU) uses Belgrade Airport (BEG).
- LOT Polish Airlines (LO) uses Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (WAW).
- LTU International Airways uses Duesseldorf International Airport (DUS).
- Lufthansa (LH) uses Frankfurt International Airport (FRA) and Munich Franz Josef Strauß International Airport (MUC).
- Malév Hungarian Airlines (MA) uses Budapest Ferihegy International Airport (BUD).
- Olympic Airlines (OA) uses Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Airport (ATH).
- Portugalia (NI) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS).
- Scandinavian Airlines System (SK) uses Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN) and Copenhagen Airport (CPH) (and to a lesser extent Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL)).
- SN Brussels Airlines (SN) uses Brussels Airport (BRU).
- Spanair (JK) uses Madrid Barajas International Airport (MAD) and Barcelona El Prat International Airport (BCN).
- Swiss International Airlines (LX) uses Zürich Airport (ZRH) (and to a lesser extent Geneva Cointrin International Airport (GVA)).
- TAP Portugal (TP) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS) and Oporto Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport (OPO) .
- TAROM Romanian Air Transport (RO) uses Henri Coandă International Airport as a principal hub and Cluj-Napoca International Airport as a second hub.
- Turkish Airlines (TK) uses Istanbul Ataturk International Airport
- Virgin Atlantic (VS) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR) and London Gatwick Airport (LGW).
[edit] Africa and Middle East
- Egyptair (MS) uses Cairo International Airport (CAI).
- El-Al (LY) uses Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport (TLV).
- Emirates (EK) uses Dubai International Airport (DXB).
- Etihad Airways (EY) uses Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH).
- Gulf Air (GF) uses Bahrain International Airport (BAH), Muscat Seeb International Airport (MCT) and Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH).
- Kenya Airways (KQ) uses Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO).
- Kuwait Airways (KU) uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI).
- Qatar Airways (QR) uses Doha International Airport (DOH).
- Saudi Arabian Airlines (SV) uses King Abdulaziz International Airport (JED) King Khalid International Airport (RUH) and King Fahd International Airport (DMM).
- South African Airways (SA) uses Johannesburg International Airport (JNB) and Cape Town International Airport (CPT) (and to a lesser extent Durban International Airport (DUR).
[edit] Asia
- Air China (CA) uses Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK).
- Air India (AI) uses Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL), and to some extent Chennai-International Airport (MAA)
- All Nippon Airways (NH) uses Tokyo-Narita International Airport (NRT), Tokyo-Haneda Airport (HND), Osaka-Kansai International Airport (KIX), and Osaka-Itami Airport (ITM).
- Asiana Airlines (OZ) uses Seoul-Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Seoul-Gimpo Airport (GMP).
- Cathay Pacific (CX) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG).
- China Airlines (CI) uses Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE).
- China Eastern Airlines (MU) uses Shanghai-Pudong International Airport (PVG).
- China Southern Airlines (CZ) uses Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN).
- Eva Air (BR) uses Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE).
- Far Eastern Air Transport (EF) uses Taipei Taipei Songshan Airport (TSA) & Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE).
- Garuda Indonesia (GA) uses Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK), Bali-Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) and Surabaya-Juanda International Airport.
- Japan Airlines (JL) uses Tokyo-Narita International Airport (NRT), Tokyo-Haneda Airport (HND), Osaka-Kansai International Airport (KIX), and Osaka-Itami Airport (ITM).
- Jet Airways (9W) uses Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)
- Korean Air (KE) uses Seoul-Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Seoul-Gimpo Airport (GMP).
- Malaysia Airlines (MH) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
- Northwest Airlines (NW) uses Tokyo-Narita International Airport (NRT).
- Philippine Airlines (PR) uses Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL).
- Singapore Airlines (SQ) uses Singapore Changi Airport (SIN).
- SriLankan Airlines (UL) uses Bandaranaike International Airport (CMB).
- Thai Airways International (TG) uses Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK) and Thailand
Phuket International Airport (HKT).
- Vietnam Airlines (VN) uses Ho Chi Minh City Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN) and Noi Bai International Airport
[edit] Oceania
- Air New Zealand (NZ) uses Auckland International Airport (AKL) (and to a lesser extent Christchurch International Airport (CHC) and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)).
- Qantas (QF) uses Sydney Kingsford Smith International Airport (SYD) and Melbourne Airport (MEL) in Australia and Singapore (SIN)(and to a lesser extent Perth Airport (PER)).
- National carriers from other countries use their own major (inter)national airport(s).
[edit] Interesting facts
- All 30 of the busiest airports in the world serve as hubs for one or more major airlines.[citation needed]
- US Airways has the highest percentage of traffic for any single airline at any international airport (unconfirmed)[citation needed], occupying 72 (plus 1 shared with Lufthansa) out of 85 total gates and accounting for approximately 90% of traffic at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport[3].
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Dr. Mark N. Cooper (22 January 1999). "Freeing Public Pollicy from the Deregulation Debate: The Airline Industry Comes of Age" (.PDF). Consumer Federation of America. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
- ^ Appendix A: Statement of Enforcement Policy Regarding Unfair Exclusionary Conduct 10 - 11. Retrieved on March 28, 2007.
- ^ Source: City of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County, May 2005; USAirways.com, June 2005