Ashdod
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| Ashdod | ||
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| Hebrew | אשדוד | |
| Founded in | 1956 | |
| Government | City (from 1968) | |
| District | South | |
| Population | 200,600 (2005) | |
| Jurisdiction | 60,000 dunams (60 km²) | |
| Mayor | Zvi Zilker | |
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד; Arabic: إسدود, Isdud) is a city in the Southern District of Israel. It is located in the south of the Israeli Coastal Plain. Its jurisdiction is 60,000 dunams (60 km²). It was declared a city in 1968. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ashdod had a population of about 200,000 at the end of 2005 (5th largest in Israel). The annual population growth rate is 2.6%. The ratio of women to men is 1,046 to 1,000.
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[edit] History
[edit] Ancient Ashdod
The beginning of the human settlement in the area of Ashdod is in the Paleolithic Age. During all three Stone Ages there was much human activity, and it is even mentioned in Ugaritic documents. At the end of the 13th century BC the Sea Peoples conquered the city and destroyed it. At the beginning of the 12th century BCE the Philistines (who are generally thought to have been one of the Sea Peoples) took over Ashdod, and during the years the city prospered and apparently became their capital
In 950 BCE it was destroyed in the conquering journey of Pharaoh Siamun; it is uncertain whether the petty king Dagantakala of the Amarna letters resided in Ashdod, but the city was rehabilitated after 815BCE. A little afterwards it was conquered by Sargon II, who destroyed the city and exiled its residents. Asdûdu led the revolt of Philistines, Judeans, Edomites, and Moabites against Assyria after expelling the king Akhimeti, whom Sargon had installed instead of his brother Azuri. Gath (Gimtu) belonged to the kingdom of Ashdod at that time.
An Assyrian general subjected Ashdod in 711 (cf. Isaiah 20:6), and the usurper, Yawani, fled. Mitinti was king in the time of Sennacherib; Akhimilki in the reign of Esarhaddon. Psammetichus of Egypt is reported to have besieged the great city Azotus for twenty-nine years (Herodotus, ii. 157); the biblical references to the remnant of Ashdod (Jeremiah 25:20; cf Zephaniah 2:4) are interpreted as an allusion to this event.
The city absorbed another blow in 605 BCE, when Nebuchadnezzar conquered it. In 539 BCE the city had been rehabilitated by the Persians, but was conquered in the wars of Alexander of Macedon, when its name was changed into Izotus.
In the Book of Nehemiah (at 4:1, 13:23, etc.), the Ashdodites seem still to represent the whole nation of the Philistines, so that 13:24, the speech of Ashdod (which the younger generation of the Jews are described as adopting), would simply be the general Philistine dialect. Winckler ("Gesch. Israels," p. 224) explains the use of that name by the fact that Ashdod was the nearest of the Philistine cities to Jerusalem; yet the simplest explanation seems to remain that Ashdod remained the leader among previously Philistine cities, even into Greek times.
The city prospered as Izotus under the Hellenist rule, until the Hasmonean Revolt. During the rebellion Judas Maccabeus arrived at its gates, but didn't conquer it. He had left it behind for his brother Jonathan, who conquered it in 147 BCE and destroyed the Temple of Dagon. According to Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews 13:15, volume 4), Alexander Jannæus possessed it. Pompey restored its independence in that he reconstructed its walls, though it belonged to the dominion of Herod and Salome (Antiquities... 17:18, volume 9), and Vespasian had to take it by force.
The statement of Ptolemy and Josephus that it was a maritime city, despite its standing 4 miles from the shore, is explained by the city having controlled a separate shore-edge harbour, which was called Azotus Paraliyus (Antiquities... 13:15, volume 4). This place has been compared with the Asdudimmu mentioned by Sargon, but the comparison is hardly justified. The importance of the city continued until the seventh century, when in Ashdod-Sea (Azotus Paraliyus) was built citadel as stronghold against Byzantine navy. To the west of the wooded height on which the city stands, traces of the ancient harbourr—now known as Minet el-Ḳal'a—can still be seen.
The Fatimids established shore fortresse and village in Tel-Ashdod. The location of the village on Via Maris resulted in an increase in its importance during the Ottoman age, when there was in the place a big village called Isdud, and in it a khan. In 1596 CE the population of Ashdod numbered 413 persons. In the beginning of the 20th century the city was known as Esdūd and was an insignificant village, its population numbering 5,000 persons, and its main industries being agriculture and trade. Ultimately the city became a municipal center for the villages around, and was renamed to Ashdod, and regained its national importance under Jewish dominion after the Balfour Declaration.
[edit] Biblical mentions
[1] According to the bible, during the 10th century BCE it became, along with all the kingdom of Philistia a patronage area of the Kingdom of Israel under the control of King David. Judah's claim upon Ashdod is mentioned in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:46). In the Book of Samuel it is mentioned first (I Samuel 6:17) among the principal Philistine cities; and the Ark of the Lord is brought first to that place as a trophy (1 Samuel 5 and following passages). The capture of the city by King Uzziah shortly after 815 BCE is mentioned within the text of the Book of Chronicles (2 Chronicles 26:6).
[edit] Modern times
Immediately before the beginning of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Egyptian forces took over Isdud, and the city became the northern-most advancement point of the Egyptian forces. Battles were conducted in the area during the war. The city was surrounded during Operation Yoav, and the Egyptian Forces, fearing encirclement, retreated on October 28, 1948 and with them the decisive majority if not all of the city's residents. According to the historian Benny Morris, about 300 residents had flown white flags, but they were expelled to what became the Gaza Strip almost immediately.
In 1953, a group of surveyors and designers was sent to the desolate dunes area near the mouth of Lakhish Stream in order to choose a place to build a new power station in the south of the country (eventually "Eshkol A"). Its workers dwelled in the region settlements - Rehovot and Gedera.
On May 1, 1956 then finance minister, Levi Eshkol, in the name of the government, gave confirmation for the establishing of Ashdod city. "Ashdod Company Ltd." was established by the end of that year, a daughter-company of City-Builders Company Ltd. - by Oved Ben-Ami and Philipp Klotznik (USA).
The first settlers arrived in November 1956, 22 families of immigrants from Morocco, and a bit later, a group of immigrants from Egypt joined them. In July 1957, a concession was granted to Ashdod Company Ltd. on an area of 40,000 dunam (40 km²), a distance of 32 km (as the crow flies) from Tel Aviv, for the purpose of establishing Ashdod city.
The building of the Eshkol A power station in Ashdod was completed in 1958 and included 3 units: 2 units of 50 MW, and one unit of 45 MW (with the ability of sea water desalination).
The first local council was appointed in October 1959. Dov Gur was appointed on behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Interior as the first local council head. The Magistrate's Court in the city was inaugurated in 1963, and, in January 1965, a contract between Ashdod Company and the General Health Maintenance Organization was signed regarding establishment of a hospital with 500 beds on an area of 250 dunams (250,000 m²) -- a hospital which has never been established.
The building of the port of Ashdod began in April 1961. The port was inaugurated in November 1963, and was utilized for the first time in November 1965 with the coming of the Swedish ship "Wiengelgad".
The explosive growth of the city began in 1991, with the massive arrival of immigrants from the Soviet Union and infrastructure development.
[edit] Planned City
The city was established outside of Ashdod historic sites in virgin sands. The development over the years followed main lineation plan. According to the plan the city was devided to 17 neighborhoods of 10-15 thousand people each, when wide natives between them makes traffic inside the city free of jams. Each neighborhood has its own trade center, park, health & education infrastructure. Busyness and administrative center was also planned, but wasn't developed until mid 90's when city population growed rapidly and was doubled in eight years. The industry zones were placed in northern part of the city, taking in account southern winds wich take air polution out of the city.
The main problems in practical use of lineation plan in city development were asymmetric growth of neighborhoods prestige and poor regions and lack of main busyness and administartive center for a long time causing different neighborhood trade centers taking a lead in different years.
The city was planned at highest extend for 250,000 inhabitants when additional area in the south was reserved. However the southern border of the city - Nitzanim Sand Park was proclaimed national nature reserve, wich makes future city growth problematic, since last of 17 neighborhoods is now under construction.
[edit] Economy
Ashdod is an important industrial center. The port of Ashdod is the largest port in Israel, handling about 60% of Israel's port cargo. Various shipping companies offices are also located in the port area. Other important industries include the Eshkol electrical power station, an oil refinery (one of two in the country), and a coal terminal. Also located in Ashdod is Elta, a part of Israel Aircraft Industries and where radar equipment, electronic warfare systems, and ELINT are developed.
[edit] Transportation
For intercity transport, there is Israel Railways railroad station located on the Binyamina/Netanya - Tel Aviv - Ashkelon line.
There is also a central bus station. The lines connecting the city with all main population centers in Israel are served by Connex, by Metropoline and the Egged Bus Cooperative.
Other transport options include a passenger pier in the Port of Ashdod and the Blue Marina.
| Previous station | Israel Railways | Next station | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towards: Binyamina Yavne Train Station |
Binyamina/Netanya - Tel Aviv - Rehovot/Ashqelon Line | Towards: Ashqelon AshqelonTrain Station |
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[edit] Income
According to the details of the CBS as for December 2001, the city is ranked in medium-low socio-economocial grading (4 of 10). 56.1% of 12th grade students were eligible for matriculatulation certificates in 2000. The average salary in 2000 was NIS 4,821 (national average: NIS 6,835).
[edit] Mayors
- Robert Hayim was chosen to the council chairmanship in the first municipal elections, in 1961.
- 1963 - Avner Garin
- 1969 - Zvi Zilker
- 1983 - Arye Azulay
- 1989-2006 - Zvi Zilker
[edit] Culture and sports
- Football - FC Ashdod represents the city in Ligat ha'Al (The Premier League).
- Basketball - Bnei Ashdod represents the city in the Liga Leumit (2nd tier).
- Ashdod Andalusian orchestra is very famous among the listeners of this kind of music.
- "ACADMA" conservatory - a proffessional educational institute for music and playing studies under the supervision of the Ministry of Education. It was established in 1966, and it serves a home for 600 young musicians in different fields. The conservatory is a vivacious and vigorous center of the music and the culture life in the city, and it is involved in the community life and educates a second generation of musicians made in Ashdod.
- Korin Maman museum - has a permanent archeology exhibition named "Philistian World" and a hall of changed art exhibitions.
- MonArt center is newly opened modern architecture building concentrating art exhibitions, different art schools, studios and events.
The night life is very diverse and expand through several clubs and bars at the industrial area to occasional parties at the beach side.
[edit] Hasidic Rebbes
The Tolna Rebbe, Pittsburgher Rebbe, Neshchiz, and Melitzer Rebbes reside in Ashdod.
[edit] Sister Cities
| Country | City |
|---|---|
 France |
Bordeaux |
 Argentina |
Bahia Blanca |
 Germany |
Spandau |
 United States |
Tampa, Florida |
[edit] References
- ^ This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
[edit] External links
- Ashdod official website
- Ashdod Port official website
- Ashdod Local News (in Hebrew)
- From Isdud to Ashdod: One man's immigrant dream; another's refugee nightmare
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| Cities | Arad · Ashdod · Ashkelon · Beersheba · Dimona · Eilat · Kiryat Gat · Kiryat Mal'akhi · Netivot · Ofakim · Rahat · Sderot |  |
| Local councils | Ar'ara BaNegev · Hura · Kuseife · Lakiya · Lehavim · Meitar · Mitzpe Ramon · Omer · Segev Shalom · Tel Sheva · Yeruham | |
| Regional councils | Abu Basma · Be'er Tuvia · Bnei Shimon · Central Arava · Eshkol · Hevel Eilot · Hof Ashkelon · Lachish · Merchavim · Ramat Negev · Sdot Negev (Azata) · Sha'ar HaNegev · Shafir · Tamar · Yoav | |
