Balochi language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Balochi بلوچی baločî |
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| Spoken in: | Balochistan,Sindh,Punjab | |||
| Total speakers: | 7–8 million (1998, Ethnologue) | |||
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Northwestern Iranian Balochi |
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| Official status | ||||
| Official language of: | Balochistan | |||
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |||
| ISO 639-2: | bal | |||
| ISO 639-3: | variously: bal — Baluchi (generic) bgp — Eastern Balochi bgn — Western Balochi bcc — Southern Balochi |
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Balochi (also Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranian language. It is the principal language of the Baloch of Balochistan, a region in western Pakistan, eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. It is also spoken as a second language by some Brahui. It is designated as one of nine official languages of Pakistan in the near coming future for government officials and Balochi politcians.
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[edit] Dialects
Balochi has several dialects. The Ethnologue lists three major dialects: Eastern Balochi, Western Balochi and Southern Balochi while the Encyclopedia Iranica (from Elfenbein) lists six major dialects: Rakhshani (subdialects: Kalati, Panjguri and Sarhaddi), Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, Coastal Dialects, and Eastern Hill Balochi.
[edit] Sound System
[edit] Vowels
a, i, u, aː, iː, eː, uː, oː
[edit] Diphthongs
ai, au, aːi
[edit] Plosives
p, b, t, d, ʈ, ɖ, k, ɡ
[edit] Affricates
ʧ, ʤ
[edit] Fricatives
s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h
- Allophones for syllable final -b, -t, -d -> -v, -θ, -ð (Eastern Hill Balochi only)
- Fricatives in unassimilated loanwords: f, x, ɣ
[edit] Nasals
m, n, ŋ
[edit] Trills
r, ɽ
[edit] Lateral Approximants
l
[edit] Approximants
w, j
[edit] History
Balochi is closely related to other Northwestern Iranian languages such as Kurdish.
[edit] Writing system
Before the 19th century, Balochi was an unwritten language. The official written language was Persian although Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts. British linguists and political historians wrote form with the Roman script, but following independence of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted Nasta'liq Arabic script. In Afghanistan, Balochi is written in a modified Arabic script based on what is used for Pashto.
[edit] Baluchi Roman ORTHOGRAPHY
FINAL PROPOSALS FOR ROMAN ALPHABETS FOR BALOCHI, ADOPTED BY THE COMMITTEE NOMINATED ON THE SECOND DAY OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON "BALOCHI ROMAN ORTHOGRAPHY" HELD AT UNIVERSITY OF UPPSALA, SWEDEN, MAY 28-30, 2000.
Alphabetical Order:
a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw
(33 letters and 2 diphthongs) abdullah leghari
Samples:
A/a amb (mango), angúr (grape), bagg (camel-caravan), sardar (naked-head), namb (mist),
Á/á dár (wood), árt (flour), bahá (price), pád (foot), áhag (to come), áhán (them)
B/b (be) barp (snow, ice), bám (dawn), bágpán (gardner), baktáwar (lucky)
C/c (che) cattr (umbrella), bacc (son), kárc (knife), Karácí, Kulánc, Cákar, Bálác
D/d (de) dard (pain), drad (rainshower), dárú (medicine), wád (salt)
Ď/ď is same as Ř/ř (ře) so this latter is preferably used to simplify the orthography.
E/e eš (this), cer (below), eraht (end of date harvest), pešraw (leader, forerunner), kamer (ploughshare)
F/f (fe) To be used only in loan words where its use is inevitable, like Fráns (France), fármaysí (pharmacy)
G/g (ge) gapp (talk), ganok (mad), bág (garden), bagg (herd of camels), pádag (foot), Bagdád (Baghdad)
Ĝ/ĝ (like ĝhaen in Perso-Arabic script) Only in loan words and in eastern dialects
H/h (he) hár (flood), máh (moon), koh (mountain), mahár (rein), hon (blood)
I/i (i) istál (star), idá (here), pit/piss (father), bigir (take), kirr (near)
Í/í (í) ímmán (faith), šír (milk), pakír (beggar), samín (breeze), gálí (carpet)
J/j (je) jang (war), janag (to beat), jing (lark), ganj (treasure), sajjí (roasted meat)
K/k (ke) Kirmán (Kirman), kárc (knife), náko (uncle), gwask (calf), kasán (small)
L/l (le) láp (stomach), gal (joy), gall (party, organization), gull (cheek), gul (rose)
M/m (me) mát/más (mother), bám (dawn), camm (eye), mastir (leader, bigger).
N/n (ne) nán/nagan/nagan (bread), nok (new, new moon), dann (outside), kwahn (old), náko (uncle)
O/o (o) oštag (to stop), ožnág (swim), roc (sun), dor (pain), socag (to burn)
P/p (pe) Pád (foot), šap (night), šapád (bare-footed), gapp (talk), aptád (70)
Q/q (qú) Used in loan words, like Qábús
R/r (re) Rustum (a name), rek (sand), barag (to take away), girag (to get), garrag (to bray), gurrag (to roar), šarr (good), sarag (head), sarrag (a kind of donkey's braying)
Ř/ř (ře) řák (post), řukkál (famine), gařř (urial), guřř (last), guřřag (to chop).
S/s (se) sarag (head), kass (someone), kasán (little), bass (enough), ás (fire)
Š/š (še) šap (night), šád (happy), meš (sheep), šuwánag (shepherd), wašš (happy, tasty).
T/t (te) tagird (mat), tahná (alone) tás (bowl), kilítt (kay), masítt (mosque), battí (lantern)
Ť/ť (ťe) ťung (hole), ťíllo (bell), baťť (cooked rice), baťťág (eggplant).
U/u uštir (camel), šumá (you), ustád (teacher), gužn (hunger), buz (goat)
Ú/ú (ú, sounds like the "oo" in English word "root") úrt (thin), zúrag (to take), bizú (take), dúr (distant)
V/v (ve) used in loanwords only, like in the English word service, very.
W/w (we) warag (food, to eat), wardin (provision), dawár (abode), wád (salt), kawwás (learned)
X/x (khe) Xudá (God),
Y/y (ye) yád (remembrance), yár (friend), yázdah (eleven), biryání (roasted meat), raydyo (radio), yakk (one)
Z/z (ze) zarr (monay), zí (yesterday), muzz (wages), moz (banana), nazzíkk (nearby), bazgar (tenant)
Ž/ž (že) žand (tired), žáng (bells), pažm (wool), gažžag (to swell), gužnag (hungry).
ay (h)ayrán (surprise), ayrát (distribution), say (3), may (our), kay (who), šumay (your)
Aw/aw kawr (river), hawr (rain), kissaw (story), dawl (sort), dawr (jump), awlád (off-spring), kawl (promise), gawk (neck).
[edit] A Comparison Table of Balochi with other Iranian Languages
| English | Zazaki | Kurdish | Pashto | Balochi | Mazandarani | Tajik | Persian | Middle Persian | Parthian | Old Persian | Avestan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beautiful | rind | rind/delal/cûwan | shkulay, xkulay | sharr, soherâ | zebo | zibâ/ xubchehreh | hučihr, hužihr | hužihr | naiba | vahu-, srîra | |
| blood | gûn | xwîn | wina | hon | xin | xun | xūn | xōn | xōn | vohuni | |
| bread | nûn | nan | ḍoḍəy/roṭəy (from Indic) | nân, nagan | nân | non | nân | nân | nân | ||
| bring | ârdena | anîn/hênan | rāwṛəl | âvardan | biyârden | ovardan | âvardan | âwurdan, āwāy-, āwar-, bar- | āwāy-, āwar-, bar- | bara- | bara, bar- |
| brother | birâ | bira | wror | barādar | birâr | barodar | barādar | brād, brâdar | brād, brādar | brâtar | brâtar- |
| come | amaena | hatin | rātləl | áhag, âmadan | enen | omadan | âmadan | âmadan, awar | awar, čām | ây-, âgam | âgam- |
| cry | bermayish | girîn | žāṛəl | taukh | bərmə/ qâ | giristan | geristan | griy-, bram- | |||
| dark | târî | tarî | tiārə | thár | siyo | torîk | târîk | târīg/k | târīg, târēn | sâmahe, sâma | |
| daughter | kena | keç/kîj/kenîşk/dot | lūr | mind | kijâ/ dether | duxtar | doxtar | duxtar | duxt, duxtar | duxδar | |
| day | roc | roj | wradz | roshe | rez/ reoj | rûz | rûz | rōz | raucah- | ||
| do | kerdena | kirin/kirdin | kawəl | khandagh | hâkerden | kardan | kardan | kardan | kartan | kạrta- | kәrәta- |
| door | ber | derge/derî | war | gelo | bəli | dar | dar | dar | dar, bar | duvara- | dvara- |
| die | merdena | mirin | mṛəl/məṛedəl | mireg | bamirden | murdan | murdan | murdan | mạriya- | mar- | |
| donkey | her | ker | xar | her | xar | xar | xar | xar | |||
| egg | hak | hêk | hagəy | heyg | merqâna | tuxm | toxm | toxmag, xâyag | taoxmag, xâyag | taoxma- | |
| earth | êrd (Arabic) | herd/erd (Arabic) | zməka/mzəka | zemin | zemi | zamin | zamin | zamīg | zamīg | zam- | zãm, zam, zem |
| evening | shund | êvar/êware | māshām, māxām | nəmâshun | begáh | begoh, shom | sarshab | êbêrag | |||
| eye | chım | çav | stərga | ch.hem, chem | chashm | chashm | chašm | chašm | čaša- | čašman- | |
| father | pi | bav/bawk | plār | pyt, abbâ | piyer | padar | pedar | pidar | pid | pitar | pitar |
| fear | ters | tirs | wera | terseg | təshəpash | tars | tars | tars | tars | tạrsa- | tares- |
| fiancé | washte | dezgîran, destgirtî | nām zād | nomzad | nâm-zad | - | - | ||||
| fine | wesh | xweş/baş | sha, xa | hosh | naghz, xub | xub | dârmag | srîra | |||
| finger | gisht | til/qamik | gūta/gwəta | lenkwk, mordâneg | angoos | angusht | angosht | angust | dišti- | ||
| fire | âdır | agir | or | âch, âs | tesh | otash | âtash, âzar | âdur, âtaxsh | ādur | âç- | âtre-/aêsma- |
| fish | mâse | masî | kab/māhī | mâhi | mohi | mâhi | mâhig | mâsyâg | masyô, masya | ||
| food / eat | werdena | xwarin | xwāṛa/xoṛəl | warag, vereg | xurok / xurdan | xorâk / xordan | parwarz / xwâr, xwardīg | parwarz / xwâr | hareθra / ad-, at- | ||
| go | shiyaena | çûn | tləl | jwzzegh | shunen / burden | raftan | raftan | raftan, shudan | ay- | ai- | ay-, fra-vaz |
| god | homâ | xwedê | xwdāy | hwdâ | xudo | xodâ | bay, abragar | baga- | baya- | ||
| good | hol | baş, çak | sha, xa | jawáin, šarr | xâr | naghz, xub, neku | xub / neku | xūb, nêkog | vahu- | vohu, vaŋhu- | |
| grass | vash | giya, riwek, şênkatî | wāshə, wāxə | rem | sabza, giyoh | sabzeh, giyâh | giyâ | dâlūg | urvarâ | ||
| great | gırd / pil | gir, mezin, gewre | stər | mastar | belang, pila | buzurg | bozorg | wuzurg, pīl | vazạrka- | uta-, avañt | |
| hand | dest | dest/lep | lās | dast | dess | dast | dast | dast | dast | dasta- | zasta- |
| head | ser | ser | sar | saghar | kalə | sar, kalla | sar, kalleh | sar | |||
| heart | zerri | dil | zṛə | dil, hatyr | dil | dil | del | dil | dil | aηhuš | |
| horse | estoar | hesp | ās (masc.), aspa (fem.) | asp | istar | asp | asb, astar | asp, stōr | asp, stōr | aspa | aspa- |
| house | ke(ye) | mal | kor | log | səre | xona | xâneh | xânag | demâna-, nmâna- | ||
| hunger | vêyshan | birçîtî/birsiyetî | lwaža | shudhagh | veyshna | gurusnagi | gorosnegi | gursag, shuy | |||
| language | ziwan / zun | ziman | žəba | zevân | ziwân | zabon | zabân | zuwân | izβân | hazâna- | hizvâ- |
| laugh | huyaena | kenîn | xandəl | khendegh, hendeg | xandidan | xandidan | xandīdan | karta | Syaoθnâvareza- | ||
| life | jewiyaena | jiyan/jîn | žwand | zendegih | zindagi | zendegi | zīndagīh, zīwišnīh | žīwahr, žīw- | gaêm, gaya- | ||
| man | merd | mêr/piyaw | saṛay | merd | merd | mard | mard | mard | mard | martiya- | mašîm, mašya |
| moon | ashmê | heyv/mang | spožməy/spogməy | máh | mithra | moh | māh | māh | māh | mâh- | måŋha- |
| mother | mae | dayik | mor | mât, mâs | mâr | modar | mādar | mādar | mādar | mâtar | mâtar- |
| mouth | fek | dev/dem | xwla | daf | dahon | dahân | dahân, rumb | åŋhânô, âh, åñh | |||
| name | nâme | nav | num | num | num | nom | nâm | nâm | nâman | nãman | |
| night | shewe | şev | shpa | shaw, šap | sheow | shab | shab | shab | xšap- | xšap- | |
| open | rakerdena | vekirin | prānistəl/prānatəl | božagh | vâ-hekârden | kushodan, boz kardan | bâz-kardan | abâz-kardan | būxtaka- | būxta- | |
| peace | kotpy | aştî | rogha | ârâm | oshti, oromish | âshti, ârâmeš | âštih, râmīšn | râm, râmīšn | šiyâti- | râma- | |
| pig | xoz | beraz | xug | xug | xi | xuk | xūk | xūk | varâza (wild pig) | ||
| place | ja | cih/şûn | dzāy | hend | joy, jo | jâ | gâh | gâh | gâθu- | gâtu-, gâtav- | |
| read | wendena | xwendin | lwastəl | wánagh | baxinden | xondan | xândan | xwândan | |||
| say | vatena | gotin/wutin | wayəl | gushagh | baotena | guftan | goftan | guftan, gōw-, wâxtan | gōw- | gaub- | mrû- |
| sister | wae | xweşk | xor | gwhâr | xâxer | xohar | xâhar | xwahar | |||
| small | qıch | piçûk | ləž, ləg/woṛ/kuchnay | lekem | pətik, bechuk, perushk | xurd | kuchak, kam | kam, rangas | kam | kamna- | kamna- |
| son | qıj | kur | zway, zuy | pisar, phusagh | pisser | pisar | pesar | pur, pusar | puhr | puça | pūθra- |
| soul | giyan | rūh (Arabic), sā | rūh (Arabic) | ravon | ravân | rūwân, gyân | rūwân, gyân | urvan- | |||
| spring | wusar | bihar | psarlay | wehâr | bahor | bahâr | wahâr | vâhara- | θūravâhara- | ||
| tall | berz | bilind/berz | lwaṛ | bwrz | baland | boland / bârez | buland, borz | bârež | barez- | ||
| three | hire | sê | dre | se | se | se | se | sê | hrē | çi- | θri- |
| village | dew | gund, dê | kəlay | helk | deh | deh, rusto | deh | wiž | dahyu- | vîs-, dahyu- | |
| want | wastena | xwestin/wîstin | ghwāṛəl | lotagh | bexanen | xostan | xâstan | xwâstan | |||
| water | awe | av | obə | âf | ab | ob | âb | âb | âb | âpi | avô- |
| when | key | kengê | kəla, či | ked | kay | kay | kay | ka | čim- | ||
| wind | va | ba | bād | gwáth | wâ | bod | bâd | wâd | vâta- | ||
| wolf | verg | gur | līwə | gurkh | varg, gəorge | gurg | gorg | gurg | varka- | vehrka | |
| woman | jeniye | jin/afret | shədza, xəza | jan | zəna | zan | zan | zan | žan | hâīrīšī-, nâirikâ- | |
| year | serre | sal | kāl | sâl | sol | sâl | sâl | θard | ýâre, sarәd | ||
| yes / no | ya / ne | erê / na | ho, wo / na | ere / na | ha / ne | âri / na | hâ / ney | hâ / ney | yâ / nay, mâ | yâ / noit, mâ | |
| yesterday | vizêr | duh/dwênê | pərun | zí | direz | dina, diruz | diruz | dêrûž |
[edit] See also
- Baloch
- Northern Balochi
- Southern Balochi
- Eastern Balochi
- Western Balochi
- Other languages spoken by the Baloch
[edit] External links
| Iranian Languages | |||
| Eastern Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Avestan † | Scythian (including Saka)† | Sogdian† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Bactrian† | Khwarezmian† | Khotanese† (possibly a Saka dialect) | Ossetic | Sacian† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Bartangi | Hidukush Group | Ishkashmi | Karakoram Group | Khufi | Munji | Oroshori | New Ossetic | Parachi | Pashto | Roshani (Roshni) | Sanglechi | Sarikoli | Shughni | Wakhi | Vanji † | Waziri | Yaghnobi | Yidgha | Yazgulami | Zebaki | ||
| Western Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Median† | Old Persian (Aryan)† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Parthian Pahlavi† | Sasanian Pahlavi† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Alviri (Vidâri) | Ashtiani | Azari† | Baluchi | Bashkardi | Central Iran | Persian Dari | Dari (Zoroastrian) | Gilaki | Gorani | Harzani | Judeo-Persian | Kurdish Kurmanji | Laki | Luri | Bakhtiari Lori | Mazandarani | Ormuri | Sangsari | Parachi | New-Persian | Sorani (Kurdish) | Tajik | Taleshi | Tat | Tati | Vafsi | Zazaki | ||
| Extinct † | |||
| Indo-Iranian languages | |
|---|---|
| Indic (Indo-Aryan) | Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit · Prakrit: Pāli - Magadhi · Mitanni · Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) · Hindustani (Registers: Hindi, Urdu) · Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Dhivehi · Dogri · Gujarati · Konkani · Mahl · Maithili · Marathi · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Romani · Sindhi · Sinhala |
| Iranian | Eastern: Avestan · Bactrian · Pamir (Shughni, Sarikoli, Wakhi) · Pashto · Scythian - Ossetic · Sogdian - Yaghnobi · Western: Persian: Old Persian - Middle Persian (Pahlavi) - Modern Persian (Varieties: Farsi, Dari, Tajik) · Bukhori · Balochi · Dari (Zoroastrianism) · Gilaki · Kurdish · Luri · Mazandarani · Talysh · Tat · Zazaki |
| Dardic | Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Pashayi · Palula · Shina · Shumashti |
| Nuristani | Askunu · Kamkata-viri · Tregami · Vasi-vari · Waigali |
