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Parthian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Parthian language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Parthian is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language that originated in Parthia (a region in north-east of modern Iran and the Greater Khorasan, including southern part of what is today known as Turkmenistan) and was the official language of the Parthian Empire under the Arsacid Dynasty (248 BC - 224 AD).

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[edit] Origin and etymology

Parthian was the eastern most of the Western Middle Iranian languages. This feature made Parthian retain many archaic Eastern Iranian features. This retention was probably due to the fact that the Parthian dynasty was founded by the Parni tribe. The Iranian tribe had migrated from the steppes of Central Asia into Parthia. The Parni or Parnae originally were speakers of an Northeastern Iranian language closely related with other languages of the area such as Scythian, Sogdian and Bactrian. The study of the Indo-Iranian tribes reveal that it was not uncommon for the tribes to adopt the local language, beliefs and customs of the peoples among whom they had settled whether through migration or conquest. This was especially true of the nomadic steppe tribes who formed the core of the Indo-Iranian world. The eastern Iranian speech of the Parthians is distinguished from the western Iranian speech by referring to the former as Parnian.[citation needed]

[edit] Written Parthian

Main article: Pahlavi

The Parthian language was rendered using the Pahlavi writing system, which had two essential characteristics: First, its script derived from Aramaic, the script (and language) of the Achaemenid chancellery (i.e. Imperial Aramaic). Second, it had a high incidence of Aramaic words, rendered as ideograms or logograms, that is, they were written Aramaic words but understood as Parthian ones (See Arsacid Pahlavi for details).

The main sources for Parthian are the few remaining inscriptions from Nisa and Hecatompolis, Manichean texts, Sasanian multi-lingual inscriptions, and remains of Parthian literature in the succeeding Middle Persian. Among these, the Manichean texts, composed shortly after the demise of the Parthian power, play an important role for reconstructing the Parthian language.

[edit] Extinction

In 224 AD, Ardashir I, the local ruler of Pars, deposed and replaced Artabanus IV, the last Parthian Emperor, and founded the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian dynasty, the Sassanian Empire. Parthian was then succeeded by Middle Persian, which when written is known as Sasanian Pahlavi. Parthian did not die out immediately, but remains attested in a few bi-lingual inscriptions from the Sasanian era.

[edit] A Comparison Table of the Iranian Languages

English Zazaki Kurdish Pashto Balochi Mazandarani Tajik Persian Middle Persian Parthian Old Persian Avestan
beautiful rind rind/delal/cûwan shkulay, xkulay sharr, soherâ zebo zibâ/ xubchehreh hučihr, hužihr hužihr naiba vahu-, srîra
blood gûn xwîn wina hon xin xun xūn xōn xōn vohuni
bread nûn nan ḍoḍəy/roṭəy (from Indic) nân, nagan nân non nân nân nân
bring ârdena anîn/hênan rāwṛəl âvardan biyârden ovardan âvardan âwurdan, āwāy-, āwar-, bar- āwāy-, āwar-, bar- bara- bara, bar-
brother birâ bira wror barādar birâr barodar barādar brād, brâdar brād, brādar brâtar brâtar-
come amaena hatin rātləl áhag, âmadan enen omadan âmadan âmadan, awar awar, čām ây-, âgam âgam-
cry bermayish girîn žāṛəl taukh bərmə/ qâ giristan geristan griy-, bram-
dark târî tarî tiārə thár siyo torîk târîk târīg/k târīg, târēn sâmahe, sâma
daughter kena keç/kîj/kenîşk/dot lūr mind kijâ/ dether duxtar doxtar duxtar duxt, duxtar duxδar
day roc roj wradz roshe rez/ reoj rûz rûz rōz raucah-
do kerdena kirin/kirdin kawəl khandagh hâkerden kardan kardan kardan kartan kạrta- kәrәta-
door ber derge/derî war gelo bəli dar dar dar dar, bar duvara- dvara-
die merdena mirin mṛəl/məṛedəl mireg bamirden murdan murdan murdan mạriya- mar-
donkey her ker xar her xar xar xar xar
egg hak hêk hagəy heyg merqâna tuxm toxm toxmag, xâyag taoxmag, xâyag taoxma-
earth êrd (Arabic) herd/erd (Arabic) zməka/mzəka zemin zemi zamin zamin zamīg zamīg zam- zãm, zam, zem
evening shund êvar/êware māshām, māxām nəmâshun begáh begoh, shom sarshab êbêrag
eye chım çav stərga ch.hem, chem chashm chashm chašm chašm čaša- čašman-
father pi bav/bawk plār pyt, abbâ piyer padar pedar pidar pid pitar pitar
fear ters tirs wera terseg təshəpash tars tars tars tars tạrsa- tares-
fiancé washte dezgîran, destgirtî nām zād nomzad nâm-zad - -
fine wesh xweş/baş sha, xa hosh naghz, xub xub dârmag srîra
finger gisht til/qamik gūta/gwəta lenkwk, mordâneg angoos angusht angosht angust dišti-
fire âdır agir or âch, âs tesh otash âtash, âzar âdur, âtaxsh ādur âç- âtre-/aêsma-
fish mâse masî kab/māhī mâhi mohi mâhi mâhig mâsyâg masyô, masya
food / eat werdena xwarin xwāṛa/xoṛəl warag, vereg xurok / xurdan xorâk / xordan parwarz / xwâr, xwardīg parwarz / xwâr hareθra / ad-, at-
go shiyaena çûn tləl jwzzegh shunen / burden raftan raftan raftan, shudan ay- ai- ay-, fra-vaz
god homâ xwedê xwdāy hwdâ xudo xodâ bay, abragar baga- baya-
good hol baş, çak sha, xa jawáin, šarr xâr naghz, xub, neku xub / neku xūb, nêkog vahu- vohu, vaŋhu-
grass vash giya, riwek, şênkatî wāshə, wāxə rem sabza, giyoh sabzeh, giyâh giyâ dâlūg urvarâ
great gırd / pil gir, mezin, gewre stər mastar belang, pila buzurg bozorg wuzurg, pīl vazạrka- uta-, avañt
hand dest dest/lep lās dast dess dast dast dast dast dasta- zasta-
head ser ser sar saghar kalÉ™ sar, kalla sar, kalleh sar
heart zerri dil zṛə dil, hatyr dil dil del dil dil aηhuš
horse estoar hesp ās (masc.), aspa (fem.) asp istar asp asb, astar asp, stōr asp, stōr aspa aspa-
house ke(ye) mal kor log səre xona xâneh xânag demâna-, nmâna-
hunger vêyshan birçîtî/birsiyetî lwaža shudhagh veyshna gurusnagi gorosnegi gursag, shuy
language ziwan / zun ziman žəba zevân ziwân zabon zabân zuwân izβân hazâna- hizvâ-
laugh huyaena kenîn xandəl khendegh, hendeg xandidan xandidan xandīdan karta Syaoθnâvareza-
life jewiyaena jiyan/jîn žwand zendegih zindagi zendegi zīndagīh, zīwišnīh žīwahr, žīw- gaêm, gaya-
man merd mêr/piyaw saṛay merd merd mard mard mard mard martiya- mašîm, mašya
moon ashmê heyv/mang spožməy/spogməy máh mithra moh māh māh māh mâh- måŋha-
mother mae dayik mor mât, mâs mâr modar mādar mādar mādar mâtar mâtar-
mouth fek dev/dem xwla daf dahon dahân dahân, rumb åŋhânô, âh, åñh
name nâme nav num num num nom nâm nâm nâman nãman
night shewe şev shpa shaw, šap sheow shab shab shab xšap- xšap-
open rakerdena vekirin prānistəl/prānatəl božagh vâ-hekârden kushodan, boz kardan bâz-kardan abâz-kardan būxtaka- būxta-
peace kotpy aştî rogha ârâm oshti, oromish âshti, ârâmeš âštih, râmīšn râm, râmīšn šiyâti- râma-
pig xoz beraz xug xug xi xuk xūk xūk varâza (wild pig)
place ja cih/şûn dzāy hend joy, jo jâ gâh gâh gâθu- gâtu-, gâtav-
read wendena xwendin lwastəl wánagh baxinden xondan xândan xwândan
say vatena gotin/wutin wayəl gushagh baotena guftan goftan guftan, gōw-, wâxtan gōw- gaub- mrû-
sister wae xweşk xor gwhâr xâxer xohar xâhar xwahar
small qıch piçûk ləž, ləg/woṛ/kuchnay lekem pətik, bechuk, perushk xurd kuchak, kam kam, rangas kam kamna- kamna-
son qıj kur zway, zuy pisar, phusagh pisser pisar pesar pur, pusar puhr puça pūθra-
soul giyan rūh (Arabic), sā rūh (Arabic) ravon ravân rūwân, gyân rūwân, gyân urvan-
spring wusar bihar psarlay wehâr bahor bahâr wahâr vâhara- θūravâhara-
tall berz bilind/berz lwaṛ bwrz baland boland / bârez buland, borz bârež barez-
three hire sê dre se se se se sê hrē çi- θri-
village dew gund, dê kəlay helk deh deh, rusto deh wiž dahyu- vîs-, dahyu-
want wastena xwestin/wîstin ghwāṛəl lotagh bexanen xostan xâstan xwâstan
water awe av obə âf ab ob âb âb âb âpi avô-
when key kengê kəla, či ked kay kay kay ka čim-
wind va ba bād gwáth wâ bod bâd wâd vâta-
wolf verg gur līwə gurkh varg, gəorge gurg gorg gurg varka- vehrka
woman jeniye jin/afret shədza, xəza jan zəna zan zan zan žan hâīrīšī-, nâirikâ-
year serre sal kāl sâl sol sâl sâl θard ýâre, sarәd
yes / no ya / ne erê / na ho, wo / na ere / na ha / ne âri / na hâ / ney hâ / ney yâ / nay, mâ yâ / noit, mâ
yesterday vizêr duh/dwênê pərun zí direz dina, diruz diruz dêrûž

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Iranian Languages
Eastern Iranian
Old Iranian Avestan † | Scythian (including Saka)† | Sogdian†
Middle Iranian Bactrian† | Khwarezmian† | Khotanese† (possibly a Saka dialect) | Ossetic | Sacian†
Modern Iranian Bartangi | Hidukush Group | Ishkashmi | Karakoram Group | Khufi | Munji | Oroshori | New Ossetic | Parachi | Pashto | Roshani (Roshni) | Sanglechi | Sarikoli | Shughni | Wakhi | Vanji † | Waziri | Yaghnobi | Yidgha | Yazgulami | Zebaki
Western Iranian
Old Iranian Median† | Old Persian (Aryan)†
Middle Iranian Parthian Pahlavi† | Sasanian Pahlavi†
Modern Iranian Alviri (Vidâri) | Ashtiani | Azari† | Baluchi | Bashkardi | Central Iran | Persian Dari | Dari (Zoroastrian) | Gilaki | Gorani | Harzani | Judeo-Persian | Kurdish Kurmanji | Laki | Luri | Bakhtiari Lori | Mazandarani | Ormuri | Sangsari | Parachi | New-Persian | Sorani (Kurdish) | Tajik | Taleshi | Tat | Tati | Vafsi | Zazaki
Extinct †


In other languages

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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

Static Wikipedia February 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu