Highway 401 (Ontario)

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"Highway 401" and "Macdonald-Cartier" redirect here. For other uses, see Highway 401 (disambiguation) and Macdonald-Cartier (disambiguation).


Highway 401
Macdonald-Cartier Freeway

Length:	817.9 km (508.2 mi)
Formed:	1947 (received official number designation in 1952)
Direction:	East/West
From:	Ont Hwy 3 in Windsor, Ontario
To:	A-20 at Ontario/Quebec border in the Township of South Glengarry, Ontario
Major cities:	Windsor, London, Kitchener, Toronto, Kingston, Cornwall
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Highway 401

Highway 401 (named the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway and The King's Highway No. 401) is a freeway that extends across Southern Ontario. It is the longest 400-Series Highway in Ontario and one of the busiest and widest freeways in the world.^[1]^[2] Together with Quebec Autoroute 20, it is the road transportation backbone of the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor, along which over half of Canada's population resides. Colloquially, the road is known simply as "The 401", spoken as "four-oh-one".

[edit] History

The first segment of the highway (originally designated Highway 2A) from Highland Creek (Scarborough) to Oshawa was begun in 1938 to bypass a congested section of nearby Highway 2. Much of the grading and a number of structures were completed before the onset of the Second World War, at which time most of the construction work was shut down. This section was finally completed and opened to traffic in 1947.

During the war years, the provincial government undertook a number of surveys and studies to determine the most desirable route for the new limited-access highway.

The highway was redesignated Highway 401 in 1952. The last segment, between Gananoque and Brockville, was completed in 1968 to bypass a section along the St. Lawrence River that included at-grade intersections and private entrances, now called the Thousand Islands Parkway. The last at-grade intersection on the present alignment was at Joyceville Road, east of Kingston, which was converted to an interchange with the final 1968 construction.

In 1965, Ontario Premier John Robarts designated Highway 401 the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway, in honour of Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir George-Étienne Cartier, the Province of Canada's most important Fathers of Confederation, and in recognition of Canada's upcoming Centennial Celebrations in 1967. This name is found on maps and official documents, but seldom used in conversation or on modern road signs. A 1961 proposal to name the highway the Leslie M. Frost Thruway after the recently retired Premier of Ontario was approved by the provincial cabinet, but was not carried out.

A Highway 401 marker shield displaying the M-C Freeway designation. Few of these shields still exist, as they are no longer posted by the province.

[edit] Overview

Highway 401 begins at Highway 3, 13 kilometres (8.08 miles) from the Detroit River on the outskirts of Windsor (not at the Michigan border as some mistakenly assume) and ends at the Quebec border, 815 kilometers (506.42 miles) away. There are 18 rest areas or service centres (oases) located along the route, allowing motorists to access services without leaving the highway. A plaque was erected at the Mallorytown oasis, located on the last section of the freeway to be completed, stating that the 401 was the longest non-toll freeway under a single highway authority in North America. (Today the Texas section of Interstate 10 holds this record.)

Highway 401 was completed in 1968

Cities along the route of the highway include Windsor, Chatham, London, Ingersoll, Woodstock, Kitchener, Cambridge, Guelph, Milton, Mississauga, Toronto, Pickering, Ajax, Whitby, Oshawa, Cobourg, Trenton, Belleville, Kingston, Brockville, and Cornwall.^[3] The control cities are listed below. Major freeway junctions are located at these roads and highways: 402, Highbury Avenue (London), 403, 8, 6, 407, 410, 427, 400, Allen Road (Toronto), 404 and Don Valley Parkway (Toronto), 35 and 115, 416. Quebec Autoroute 20 continues the highway at its eastern end.

There are no direct interchanges with U.S. Interstate highways, but Interstates 75 and 375 in Detroit, Michigan, and Interstate 81 in New York State are each a short distance away, via Ontario highways 3, the former 3B, and 137, leading to the Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, and the Thousand Islands Bridge, respectively.

[edit] Transportation corridor

The 401 at Don Mills Road

The 401 is considered to be one of the world's busiest highways, with an estimated Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) of over 500,000 in 2006, between the Weston Road and Highway 400 interchanges in Toronto..^[1] Due to its triple use as the main trade, commuting and recreational corridor in Ontario, 24-hour traffic volumes can exceed the 500,000 level on some days. The just-in-time inventory systems of the highly integrated auto industry in Michigan and Ontario have made the highway the busiest truck route in the world. Highway 401 also includes the continent's busiest multi-structure bridge at Hogg's Hollow in Toronto (four structures for the highway's four roadway beds).

The 401 is a strategically important highway in Canada, as it connects the populous Southern Ontario region with Quebec and Michigan, while also connecting to most other major highways in the province. The 401 also acts as a 'short cut' between Detroit and Buffalo, New York (via Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403), and is used by many American motorists for this reason. The highway also serves as the principal connection to Montreal and points east, including New England, becoming Autoroute 20 at the Quebec border. The border crossing at Windsor and Detroit is the busiest trade crossing in the world, and although the 401 itself does not physically extend the last few kilometres into Detroit, it is the only route from Toronto to Windsor and on to Interstate 75. A future expansion of the Windsor-Detroit border crossing, which will include a freeway bypass of the existing Highway 3, may result in Highway 401 having a direct freeway link to the border. Some 40 % of Canada-US trade travels the highway, which is one-third of Canada's foreign trade, and 4 % of all US foreign trade. However, it is not part of the Ontario section of the Trans-Canada Highway.

[edit] Collector-express sections

Today the stretch of Highway 401 that passes through the Greater Toronto Area ranges from 6 to 22 lanes.

[edit] Islington Avenue to Brock Road

The section that now runs through Toronto was a rural roadway that was entirely outside of the Toronto city limits when first opened, and was originally referred to as the Toronto Bypass. The new freeway attracted development all along its length. As the city's suburbs grew, it quickly became an urban commuter road, rather than a long-distance bypass route as was originally planned, leading to extensive traffic jams. This was a problem/opportunity solved and built upon to some extent by implementing separate express and collector lanes, similar to the express/local set-up of the Dan Ryan Expressway in Chicago. By 1967 Highway 401 was widened from four lanes to 12 or more through Toronto from Islington Avenue to Warden Avenue. In the early 1970s the collector express lanes were extended to Neilson Road and eastward to Brock Road by 1997. An alternative plan to the collector-express setup was to construct a bypass of Highway 401. This project was revived in 1987 and opened in 1997 as the toll road Highway 407 ETR to parallel Highway 401 in the Greater Toronto Area.

Highway 401 west of the Don Valley Parkway/Highway 404 junction, showing the wide 14-lane cross-section

The main collector-express setup with a minimum 12 lane cross-section currently stretches from Islington Avenue to Brock Road. Highway 409 which branches off from Highway 401 just west of Islington to Toronto Pearson International Airport has been unsuccessful in diverting traffic volumes; the 10 lane segment between Islington and Highway 427 is highly congested as a result. The existing 401-427 interchange is considered one of the worst bottlenecks since it only allows 8 lanes of traffic (4 in each direction) to pass through the interchange. It initially only allowed 6 lanes of through traffic until a widening project was completed in 2005; a major reconstruction of the junction is needed to meet current demands estimated at 5-6 lanes.

[edit] Highway 403/410 to Highway 427

Highway 401 has a separate collector-express system in Mississauga between the junctions with Highways 403/410 and Highway 427. This was completed in 1986, concurrent with the expansion of the 401-403 interchange and the addition of two express flyover ramps and includes an eastbound collector-express transfer known as the "Tunnel." At 22 lanes wide this is the widest section of Highway 401, although at the present only 9 lanes are designated for 401 through traffic (as express lanes) while the collector lanes serve as direct connections or ramp extensions from 403/410 to 427. The existing 401/427 interchange remains a bottleneck to possible east expansion of this configuration that would link it up with the Islington-Brock collector-express system. Another choke point is at the 403/410 interchange since the 401 narrows down to 6 lanes west of that junction. However, that junction has been designed with westward expansion of the collector-express system in mind; several prerequisite projects to accommodate widening from 403/410 to Mississauga Road were underway in the late 1990s, including a new interchange at Mavis Road and the reconstruction of the Mississauga Road and Derry Road overpasses.

[edit] Future expansion and upgrades

This article contains information about a planned or expected future road.
It may contain information of a speculative nature and the content may change dramatically as the road's construction and/or completion approaches and more information becomes available.

A plan is currently underway by the Ministry of Transportation to widen the highway to at least six lanes for its length from Windsor to the Quebec border. In the 1950s, Highway 401 had initially been constructed as a 4 lane divided highway but the narrow grass median has since proven insufficient in preventing cross-directional collisions. In 1999, the Windsor-London stretch of Highway 401 was infamously known as "Carnage Alley" after several fatal accidents, including an 87 vehicle pileup on Labour Day during thick fog that claimed seven lives. Much of the upgrade work will involve replacing the median with an "Ontario tall-wall" concrete barrier and an extra lane per direction.

The first sections to see these upgrades are between Windsor and Tilbury, around the City of Kingston, the London area, from Port Hope, Ontario to Cobourg, and west from Cambridge towards Woodstock. This will be followed later by staged upgrades between Trenton and Belleville, and eventually the remaining sections between Cobourg and Kingston. Other sections, namely between London and Chatham/Tilbury, and from the Kingston area, east to the Quebec border, remain beyond the 30-year planning horizon. ^[4]

On November 14, 2005, the joint Canadian-American committee studying the options for expanding the Windsor - Detroit border crossing announced that its preferred option was to directly extend Highway 401 westward, using a new bridge or tunnel to cross the Detroit River and interchange with Interstate 75 somewhere between the existing Ambassador Bridge span and Wyandotte. The exact route of this new highway connection has not yet been determined.^[5]

The Ontario government is also planning to widen the Mississauga stretch from 6 lanes to 12 lanes from the 403-410 interchange to the Credit River, and 10 lanes to Mississauga Road. The Derry Road underpass and Mississauga Road overpass have been widened to accommodate this, while a new interchange has been added at Mavis Road. The main obstacles to Highway 401 expansion are the aging Creditview Road, McLaughlin Road, and Hurontario Street overpasses which will be demolished and replaced as part of the reconstruction.

[edit] Essex County Upgrades

[edit] Highway 3 to Essex County Road 19

The Windsor Star has reported that the stretch of Highway 401 from Highway 3 (its western terminus) to where the road widens to 3 lanes per direction (3 km west of Manning Road) will remain as a four-lane route until a route to a potential new border crossing has been finalized. The MTO intends on upgrading this section, particularly its dangerous interchange with Highway 3 (sharp curves, poor lines of sight, aging overpass structure) when a new bridge and freeway corridor has been chosen.

[edit] County Road 19 to County Road 42

Highway 401 is seeing a complete overhaul and expansion between the city of Windsor, Ontario and the town of Tilbury, Ontario, in response to the 87-car pile-up that killed 8 on September 3, 1999. The road is being expanded from two lanes per direction with a narrow grass median to three lanes per direction (with concrete pavement), rumble strips, a concrete divider, and newer overpasses at Highway 77, French Line Road (St. Joachim Road), and two are planned for Puce Road, Belle River Road, and Former Rochester Township 3rd Concession Road (Eastern Lakeshore). ^[6]

The next (and final) phase for upgrading and widening Highway 401 in Essex County is to begin in April of 2007, and will stretch from Belle River Road to Highway 77, widening each carriageway from two to 3 lanes, with a concrete barrier, and should be completed by November of 2007. This construction zone is roughly the same size as the previous two, at 10.6 km in length, and will create one continuous length of freeway with 6 lanes and a concrete barrier from 2 km west of Manning Road to 1 km east of County Road 42. ^[7]

From (west) To (east)	Originally	Currently	Planned
3 km West of Manning Road (County Road 19) to 1 km east of Belle River Road (County Road 27)	2 narrow lanes per direction, dangerously narrow carriageways, dangerously narrow median, bi-directional onramps	3 lanes per direction, tall concrete barrier, separated onramps	Completed
1 km east of Belle River Road (CR 27) to 3 km west of Highway 77 interchange (10.6 km in length)	2 narrow lanes per direction, dangerously narrow carriageways, dangerously narrow median, bi-directional onramps	2 narrow lanes per direction, dangerously narrow carriageways, dangerously narrow median, bi-directional onramps	3 lanes per direction, tall concrete barrier, separated onramps
3 km west of Highway 77 interchange to 1 km east of Queen's Line (County Road 42) in Tilbury	2 narrow lanes per direction, dangerously narrow carriageways, dangerously narrow median, bi-directional onramps	3 lanes per direction, tall concrete barrier, separated onramps	Completed

In addition to the freeway being upgraded, the "Windsor East" Truck Inspection Center and weigh scale just east of Manning Road will be completed, as it has been expanded and upgraded as well, and is roughly 90% completed.

[edit] London Area Upgrades

Highway 401 in London between Wellington Road and Highway 402 is currently being widened to six lanes. The improvements will include high mast lighting, a changeable message sign, advanced drainage systems and paved shoulders on both sides of the roadway. This, with the widening projects between Woodstock and Kitchener, will make Highway 401 at least six lanes wide from Port Hope to the Highway 402 interchange. Long term plans call for eight lanes in some parts of the city due to its increased use as a commuter road, but these improvements are planned beyond the year 2020.

Also, the busy Wellington Road interchange in London will be completely redesigned and rebuilt as a parclo interchange. Construction began in 2006. This project is set to be complete by late 2007.

[edit] Oxford County Upgrades

In the late Fall of 2005, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario started a construction project to upgrade the current 4-lane section of Highway 401 from 4- to 6-lanes from west of Oxford County Road 3 to west of Waterloo Regional Road 97 (where the next 6-lane concrete-divded road begins) in the County of Oxford and Regional Municipality of Waterloo.

This is currently part of the last 4-laned section between London and Toronto (stretching from Highway 403 Interchange in Woodstock, Ontario to Waterloo Road 97 in Kitchener, Ontario), but is being upgraded to 6 lanes plus an Ontario tall-wall barrier in the median. This is the first stage of upgrades of this final 4-lane section.

Currently	Planned
Lanes: 4	Lanes: 6
Median: Grassed	Median: Ontario Tall-Wall
Rumble strips	Rumble strips (new)
Interchanges every 5 km or so	Interchanges every 5 km, plus two new emergency ramps
One slightly sharp curve north of Oxford Road (Oxford CR 29, Exit 250)	slightly re-aligned and straightened (completed and re-opened)

Aside from the addition of one lane per direction and a tall-wall barrier, two emergency ramp connectors that are intended to be used only during emergency highway closures and similar circumstances to permit traffic to move off the freeway (and emergency vehicles onto it) have been constructed. Built near Oxford Road 3 and Trussler Road, the ramps are are an unprecedented addition to the Ontario highway system. onthighways.com source.

Other emergency accesses have been built in Essex County where the road was recently widened from 4 to 6 lanes, but these are gravel, and all are alongside overpasses, for use by ambulances, firetrucks, and police cars in emergencies only.

This is currently in stages, and will eventually close the 4-lane gap between the two 6-lane sections (London/Wellington Road-Woodstock/Highway 403 and Kitchener/Waterloo Road 97 (Cedar Creek Drive)-Toronto).

The first segment in Oxford County to see the upgrades is from Waterloo RR 97 to Oxford CR 3, with further upgrades planned from Oxford CR 3 to Highway 403. Several large upgrades will be carried out here:

The interchange of Towerline Road and Middletown Line (Exit 236, just north of Highway 403) will be completely rebuilt and redesigned, as its current ramp configuration is extremely dangerous (short ramps with tight curves leading from an intersection just 30 feet/10 meters from the freeway, requiring a driver to "floor it" to get up to speed in time).
The aging and sagging overpass structure at Towerline Road will be replaced, making this a long-overdue upgrade.
The cloverleaf interchange with Former Highway 2 (Exit 238, which is the final remaining cloverleaf with two divided highways in the province) will be converted to a parclo interchange, as cloverleafs are no longer up to the Ministry of Transportation's safety standards (mostly from weaving). This will not be a disruptive construction contract, as the traffic volumes at the interchange are actually quite low (which is also why the cloverleaf interchange works smoothly). This will leave the Highway 4/401 interchange in London, Highway 62 in Belleville, and the former Highway 88/Highway 400 in Aurora as the last cloverleaf interchanges on a 400-series highway.

[edit] Traffic cameras

To manage traffic, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) installed the Freeway Management System - COMPASS, the most advanced of its kind in the world when it was deployed in 1991 by Delcan Corporation. Using a combination of CCTV cameras, vehicle detection loops and LED changeable message signs, the MTO Traffic Operations Centre can obtain a real-time assessment of traffic conditions and alert highway travellers of collisions and construction. The system currently stretches from Highway 403, Mississauga to Harwood Avenue, Ajax, and is likely to be extended westward and eastward as Highway 401 is reconstructed and upgraded.

[edit] Facts and Figures

Highway 401 has found expression in contemporary music.

Kingston, Ontario, rock band The Tragically Hip's 1994 album Day for Night features Titanic Terrarium, whose lyrics include:

"...we don't F--- with the 401. It's bigger than us, or larger than we bargained."

Winnipeg singer-songwriter James Keelaghan referred to The 401 in his 1995 song Get to You:

"There's a rig spun out on 401/Closed it down to cars and vans."

Comedy-folk trio The Arrogant Worms references the highway in the song Horizon:

"One day, on the parking lot they call the 401 / My car became the meat between a Buick-Honda bun..."

(Curiously, the song's preamble indicates the events of the song take place in Whitby, Ontario, while later lyrics describe the car spinning into the center median. However, there is no center median where the 401 passes through Whitby.)

Toronto rock band Staggered Crossing's Further Again has the lyrics "Heading out on the 401 Don't it make you nervous."
And Stompin' Tom Connors has a number of songs dealing with The 401, including Bud the Spud and Canada Day up Canada Way

[edit] Volume information (2005)

Highest Volume: 607,800 AADT from Weston Road (Exit 357) to Highway 400 (Exit 359) compared to 510,000 in 2003.
Lowest Volume: 15,000 AADT from Highway 3B (Exit 13) to Highway 3, Bridge to U.S.A.

[edit] Control cities

From west to east, highway 401 signage uses the following control cities: Windsor, London, Toronto, Kingston, Cornwall, Montreal. Within the City of Toronto (between Highway 427 and Meadowvale Road), control cities are not used.

Until the late 1990s, Highway 401 had blue signs near Windsor and the Greater Toronto Area stating nearby Interstate highways in the United States as "Advantage: I-75 I-80 I-90", due to the Metro Detroit-Toledo and Greater Buffalo, New York metropolitan areas being nearby. It is currently unknown if these signs still remain.

An Example of the sign:

ADVANTAGE

[edit] Exit list

Main article: List of exits on Highway 401 (Ontario)

[edit] Service centres

The service centres are located at the following points on Highway 401 and contain the following services:

Location	km	Direction	Fuel	Food	Other
Tilbury	61	Eastbound	Shell	Tim Horton's, KFC	unknown
Tilbury	61	Westbound	Petro-Canada	McDonald's	unknown
West Lorne	144	Eastbound	Shell	Tim Horton's	unknown
West Lorne	145	Westbound	Petro-Canada	McDonald's	unknown
Ingersoll	223	Westbound	Esso	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	Nicholby's Express
Ingersoll	225	Eastbound	Esso	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	Nicholby's Express
Cambridge	289	Eastbound	Petro-Canada	McDonald's	Picnic Area
Cambridge	289	Westbound	Petro-Canada	McDonald's	Picnic Area Ellis Chapel
Mississauga Closed September 30, 2006	334	Eastbound	Shell	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	Nicholby's Express
Newcastle	444	Westbound	Esso	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	Nicholby's Express
Port Hope	453	Eastbound	Esso	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	unknown
Trenton	519	Eastbound	Petro-Canada	McDonald's	unknown
Trenton	519	Westbound	Shell	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	unknown
Camden East	591	Westbound	Petro-Canada	McDonald's	unknown
Odessa	604	Eastbound	Esso	Tim Horton's, KFC	unknown
Mallorytown	677	Westbound	Esso	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	unknown
Mallorytown	679	Eastbound	Esso	Tim Horton's, Wendy's	unknown
Morrisburg	756	Eastbound	Shell	unknown	unknown
Ingleside	761	Westbound	Esso	Tim Hortons, KFC	unknown
Lancaster	827	Westbound	Shell	Wendy's

[edit] Lane configuration from west to east

Section	Lane Configuration
Huron Church Road/Highway 3 to Essex County Road 42	2 lanes in each direction 1 additional lane in each direction currently under construction
Essex County Road 42 to Highway 402	2 lanes in each direction 1 additional lane in each direction currently planned
Highway 402 to Highway 403	3 lanes in each direction stretch east of 402 and west of Wellington Road Parclo currently being widened from 2 to 3 lanes
Highway 403 to Northumberland Street (Waterloo Regional Road 50)	2 lanes in each direction 1 additional lane in each direction currently under construction
Northumberland Street to Highway 410/Highway 403	3 lanes in each direction
Highway 410/Highway 403 to Toronto Airport Basketweave	11 Lanes Eastbound 5 Express, 4 Collector (some lanes full shoulders) 11 Lanes Westbound 4 Express, 5 Collector (some lanes full shoulders)
Toronto Airport Basketweave to Highway 427/Eglinton Avenue	11 Lanes Eastbound 4 Express, 5 Collector (some lanes full shoulders) 11 Lanes Westbound 6 Express, 5 Collector (some lanes full shoulders)
Under the Highway 427 Interchange	4 lanes in each direction
Highway 427/Carlingview Drive to Highway 409	5 lanes in each direction
Highway 409 to Highway 400	7 lanes in each direction 4 Express, 3 Collector
Highway 400 to The Basketweave	8 lanes in each direction 4 Express, 5 Collector,
The Basketweave to Allen Road	7 lanes in each direction 4 Express, 3 Collector
Allen Road to Don River West Branch Hogg's Hollow Bridge	7 lanes in each direction 3 Express, 4 Collector
Don River West Branch to Yonge Street	6 lanes in each direction 4 Express, 2 Collector 1 additional collector lane in each direction currently under construction
Yonge Street to Bayview Avenue	7 lanes in each direction 4 Express, 3 Collector
Bayview Avenue to Highway 404/Don Valley Parkway	7 lanes in each direction 3 Express, 4 Collector
Highway 404/Don Valley Parkway to Kennedy Road	8 lanes in each direction 4 Express, 4 Collector
Kennedy Road to Markham Road/Highway 48	7 lanes in each direction 3 Express, 4 Collector
Markham Road/Highway 48 to Neilson Road	6 lanes in each direction 3 Express, 3 Collector
Neilson Road to Whites Road (Durham Regional Road 38)	7 lanes in each direction 4 Express, 3 Collector
Whites Road to Brock Road (Durham Regional Road 1)	7 lanes in each direction 3 Express, 4 Collector
Brock Road to Westney Road (Durham Regional Road 31)	5 lanes in each direction
Westney Road to Salem Road (Durham Regional Road 41)	4 lanes in each direction
Thickson Road to Port Hope	3 lanes in each direction
Port Hope to Kingston western city limits	2 lanes in each direction
Kingston western city limits to Sydenham Road (Frontenac County Road 9)	3 lanes in each direction
Sydenham Road to Montreal Street (Frontenac County Road 11)	2 lanes in each direction 1 additional lane in each direction currently under construction
Montreal Street to Highway 15	2 lanes in each direction 1 additional lane in each direction currently planned
Highway 15 to Quebec Border	2 lanes in each direction

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401. Ministry of Transportation (2002-08-06). Retrieved on March 18, 2007. “Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto.”
^ Brian Gray (2004-04-10). GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 - North America's Busiest Freeway. Toronto Sun, transcribed at Urban Planet. Retrieved on March 18, 2007. “The "phenomenal" number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in North America...”
^ Ontario Highway 401 directions from Windsor to Quebec border. Google Maps. Retrieved on November 23, 2006.
^ MTO Website
^ Jarvis, Anne. "Second span on west side, group urges / Binational committee rejects Schwartz Report truck bypass", Windsor Star, 15 November 2005. Retrieved on November 23, 2006.
^ Ministry of Transportation Road Construction Information
^ CKLW-AM 800

[edit] External links

v • d • e 400-series highways of Ontario
Highways	400 · 401 · 402 · 403 · 404 · 405 · 406 · 407 ETR · 409 · 410 · 416 · 417 · 420 · 427 · QEW (451)
Proposed	424 · Mid-Peninsula Highway · Bradford Bypass
See also	List of Ontario provincial highways · List of Ontario expressways

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Categories: Future roads | John A. Macdonald | Transportation in the Greater Toronto Area | 400-series highways in Ontario | Numbers in pop culture