Military of Indonesia

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Military of Indonesia
Flag of Indonesia
Manpower
Available for military service	60,543,028, age 18–49 (2005 est.)
Fit for military service	48,687,234, age 18–49 (2005 est.)
Reaching military age annually	2,201,047 (2005 est.)
Expenditures
Budget	$1.3 billion (2004)
Percent of GDP	3%

Indonesia's armed forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, abbreviated as TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, abbreviated as ABRI) total about 361,823 members, including the Army (TNI-AD), Navy(including marines), and Air Force. The army is by far the largest, with about 276,953 active-duty personnel. Defence spending in the national budget is only 3% of GDP but is supplemented by revenue from many military-run businesses and foundations.

Air Chief Marshal Djoko Suyanto is the Commander-in-Chief.

The Indonesian National Police were for many years a branch of the armed forces. The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000. With 150,000 personnel, the police form a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. The total number of national and local police in 2006 was approximately 470,000.

Following the 2004 tsunami in Aceh the American government suspended the spare parts embargo for non-lethal equipment and military vehicles to support the humanitarian effort in the tsunami-devastated Indonesian regions of Aceh and Nias.

On 22 November 2005, the U.S. announced that military ties with Indonesia would be restored. The decision would end the six-year U.S. ban on arms sales. [1]

By cooperating with local military equipment manufacturers such as Pindad and Hoverindo Nusa Persada, the Indonesian military is now capable of manufacturing its own military equipment, which mostly ranges in areas of small arms and a type of tactical Infantry Fighting Vehicle such as Barracuda due to Indonesia's inability to master more advanced and larger weaponry such as armor, air and naval units.

1 Political role of the military
2 Army
- 2.1 The Army's equipments
- 2.2 Aircraft inventory
3 Navy
- 3.1 Aircraft inventory
4 Air Force
- 4.1 Aircraft inventory
5 Police
- 5.1 Aircraft inventory
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Political role of the military

During the Suharto era, the military was sometimes said to have a "dual function" (dwifungsi) in Indonesia; first, it would preserve the internal and external security of the country, preserving it as a unified nation, and second, it would ensure that government policy followed a path that the military leadership felt was wise.

This justified substantial military interference in politics. Long-time president Suharto was an army general, and was strongly supported by most of the military establishment. Traditionally a significant number of cabinet members had military backgrounds, while active duty and retired military personnel occupied a large number of seats in the parliament. Commanders of the various territorial commands played influential roles in the affairs of their respective regions.

Indonesia has not had a substantial conflict with its neighbours since the 1963-1965 confrontation with Malaysia, although competing South China Sea claims, where Indonesia has large natural gas reserves, concern the Indonesian government. Without a credible external threat in the region, the military's primary role in practice has been to assure internal security. Military leaders now say they wish to transform the military to a professional, external security force but acknowledge that the armed forces will continue to play an internal security role for some time.

In the post-Suharto period since 1998, civilian and military leaders have advocated removing the military from politics (for example, the military's representatives in parliament have been much reduced), but the military's political influence remains extensive. The TNI has been notorious since the alleged massacre of pro-communist ethnic Chinese in 1965-6 and the East Timor Crisis, which in both events, the TNI allegedly neglected and killed hundreds and thousands of people.

[edit] Army

Estimated strength 276,953

Military Area Commands (Kodam), incorporating provincial and district commands each with a number of infantry battalions, sometimes a cavalry battalion, artillery, or engineers^[1]. The Military Balance lists 11; (Indonesian wikipedia lists 12), and those are:
- Kodam Iskandar Muda, overseeing Aceh province as part of the Aceh special autonomy law. Previously under the Kodam I/Bukit Barisan.
- Kodam I/Bukit Barisan, overseeing northern Sumatra provinces of North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau and Riau Islands.
- Kodam II/Sriwijaya, overseeing southern provinces on Sumatra island of Jambi, Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung, South Sumatra and Lampung.
- Kodam Jaya, overseeing Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia.
- Kodam III/Siliwangi, overseeing West Java and Banten provinces.
- Kodam IV/Diponegoro, overseeing Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces.
- Kodam V/Brawijaya, overseeing East Java province.
- Kodam VI/Tanjungpura, overseeing all provinces on Kalimantan island (Borneo) of Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and West Kalimantan.
- Kodam VII/Wirabuana, overseeing all provinces on Sulawesi island of Gorontalo, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi.
- Kodam IX/Udayana, overseeing provinces of Bali, East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara. Former Indonesian province of East Timor was also under the jurisdiction of Kodam IX/Udayana.
- Kodam XVI/Pattimura, overseeing Maluku and North Maluku provinces.
- Kodam XVII/Trikora, overseeing West Irian Jaya and Papua provinces.
- Special Forces Command (Kopassus), est 55,300, Three groups
- Strategic Reserve Command(Kostrad), est 350,000
  - 1st Division, with 3rd, 13th, and 17th Airborne Brigades
  - 2nd Division, with 6th, 9th, 18th Airborne Brigades

[edit] The Army's equipments

Tanks: About 275 x AMX-13, 70 x Scorpion (most with 90mm guns), 30 x PT-76

Armoured Cars and Armored Personnel Carriers: 200 x Commando Ranger, 78 x Saladin, 55 x Ferret, 128 x Commando Scout, 50 x Commando Stormer, 200 x AMX-VCI MICV, 182 AMX-VTT, 50 x AMX-10PS, 55 x Saracen (14 upgraded), 58 x V-150 Commando, 130 x BTR-40S (Modified), 50 x Renault VAB, 25 x BTR-50, 18 x Panhard VBL

Self-Propelled Artillery: 105 mm: 40 x 105mm howitzer, 50 x AMX FV MK61

Towed Artillery: 76mm: 50 x M 48 guns/howitzers; 105 mm: 170 x M-101, 10 x M-56; 155mm: field howitzer (FH) 88

Mortars: 875 x 81mm, 800 x 120mm, 75 x Brandt

Recoilless Rifles: 90mm: 90 x M-67; 106mm: 45 x M-40A1; 89 mm: 700 x LRAC (Anti armor)

Anti-Aircraft Guns: 20mm: 125 x Rheinmetal; 40mm: 90 x L70, 90 x M-1, 57mm: 200 x S-60

Surface to Air Weapons: 51 x Rapier/Blindfire, 42 x RBS-70

Engineer Vehicles: AMX-13 ARV, T-54/55 ARV, AMX-13 AVLB, Stormer AVLB, Stormer HMLC

Unarmored Vehicles: Steyr 700 AP, Nissan Q4W73, DAF YA 400, Land Rover LWB, M-151 Jeep, Leyland 4000 kg, Unimog trucks, Steyr 680M, Bedford MK, Steyr 17M29, Cakra FAV, Flyer FAV.

Other: NDL-40

[edit] Aircraft inventory

The Army operates 85 aircraft, including 73 helicopters.

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service^[2]	Notes
Aero Commander	United States	utility transport	680	3
Bell 47	United States	utility helicopter	47G	10
Bell 205	United States	utility helicopter	205A-1	10
Bell 412	United States	transport helicopter	412 412SP	14 14
Britten-Norman Islander	United Kingdom	utility transport	BN-2A	1
CASA C-212 Aviocar	Spain	tactical transport		2
Cessna 310	United States	utility transport		4
Douglas DC-3	United States	tactical transport	C-47	2
Eurocopter Bo 105	Indonesia	utility helicopter		17	built by IPTN
Mil Mi-35	Russia	attack helicopter		2
Schweizer 300	United States	utility helicopter	300C	6

[edit] Navy

Personnel of the Indonesian Navy is estimated at 57,197. The Indonesian Navy purchased a number of ships of the former East German navy in the 1990s. Navy vessels include KRI Cobra and others.

[edit] Aircraft inventory

The Navy operates 75 aircraft, including 23 helicopters.

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service^[2]	Notes
Bell 412	United States	transport helicopter		3
CASA C-212 Aviocar	Spain Indonesia	tactical transport	C-212 NC-212	8 3	NC-212 built by IPTN
CASA CN-235	Indonesia	tactical transport		8	built by IPTN
de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo	Canada	tactical transport	DHC-5D	2
Eurocopter Bo 105	Indonesia	utility helicopter	Bo 105C	8
Eurocopter Cougar	Indonesia	transport helicopter	AS 332F	12
GAF Nomad	Australia	utility		21
Piper PA-34	United States	utility		4
Piper PA-38	United States	utility	PA-38-112	6

[edit] Air Force

Personnel of the Indonesian Air Force total 27,673.

In 2005 the Indonesian Air Force experienced a logistics crisis, especially in regard to the F-16 Fighting Falcons and A-4 Skyhawks that account for almost 80% of the total number of Indonesian combat aircraft. The supply of spare parts for these aircraft from the United States was stopped due to an embargo imposed on Indonesia following a number of violations against civil and human rights in East Timor. This led to the grounding of most of the Western-made fighters.

In response to this embargo, in 2003 the Indonesian Air Force bought two Sukhoi Aerospace Su-27 Flankers and two Sukhoi Aerospace Su-30 Flanker-Ds. Indonesian Air Force only know 4 types of missile, first, it was the AS-1 Kennel, AIM-9 Sidewinder,AGM-65 Maverick and AA-2 Atoll

[edit] Aircraft inventory

The Air Force operates 250 aircraft, including 23 combat jets and 63 helicopters.

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service^[2]	Notes
Aermacchi SF-260	Italy	trainer	SF-260W	15
Aérospatiale Puma	Indonesia	transport helicopter	SA 330J	11	built by IPTN
BAE Hawk	United Kingdom	trainer/light fighter	Hawk 53 Hawk 100 Hawk 200	4 7 30
Beechcraft T-34 Mentor	United States	trainer	T-34C	19
Boeing 737	United States	special missions	737-200 737-200 Adv	3 1
CASA C-212 Aviocar	Spain	tactical transport		10
CASA CN-235	Indonesia	tactical transport		6	built by IPTN
Cessna 207	United States	utility	T207	5
Cessna 401	United States	utility transport	401A	5
Cessna 402	United States	utility transport		2
de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo	Canada	tactical transport	DHC-5D	3
Eurocopter Colibri	European Union	utility helicopter	EC 120B	12
Eurocopter Cougar	Indonesia	transport helicopter	AS 332 AS 332L AS 322TT	3 2 5	built by IPTN
FFA AS-202 Bravo	Switzerland	trainer		32
Fokker F27 Friendship	Netherlands	tactical transport	F27-400M	6
Fokker F28 Fellowship	Netherlands	transport	F28-1000 F28-3000	1 2
Korean Aerospace KT-1	Republic of Korea	trainer		12
Lockheed C-130 Hercules	United States	tactical transport	C-130B C-130H C-130H-30 KC-130B L-100-20 L-100-30	8 1 1 2 1 1
Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon	United States	fighter	F-16A F-16B	7 3
MD Helicopters MD 500	United States	utility helicopter	MD 500D	12
Northrop F-5	United States	fighter	F-5E Tiger II F-5F Tiger II	7 2
Rockwell OV-10 Bronco	United States	liaison	OV-10F	2
Sikorsky S-58	United States	utility helicopter	S-58T	8
Sukhoi Su-27	Russia	fighter	SU 27 SK	2
Sukhoi Su-30	Russia	fighter	Su-30MK2	8

[edit] Police

While not strictly part of the armed forces, the national police often operate in a paramilitary role, independently or in cooperation with the other services on internal security missions.

[edit] Aircraft inventory

The police operate 43 aircraft, including 39 helicopters.

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service^[2]	Notes
Hawker 400XP	United States	VIP Transport		1
Beech 1900D	United States	utility transport		1
Bell 206	United States	utility helicopter		2
Cessna 310	United States	utility		2
Cessna 402	United States	utility		1
Enstrom 480	United States	utility helicopter	480B	18
Eurocopter Bo 105	Germany	utility helicopter	Bo 105C	10
Fokker 50	Netherlands	transport		1
Mil Mi-2	Poland	utility helicopter		9	built by PZL Świdnik
Skytruck	Poland	transport		??	built by PZL Mielec

[edit] References

^ The Military Balance 2006, International Institute for Strategic Studies
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15, 2007.

Bresnan, John. 1993. Managing Indonesia: the modern political economy. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Many topics, including the political role of the military at the height of Suharto's New Order.
Crouch, Harold. 1988. The army and politics in Indonesia. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
- First published 1978. Now somewhat dated, but provides an influential overview of the role of the military in consolidating Suharto's power
Kingsbury, Damien. 2003. Power politics and the Indonesian military. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
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